In vitro evaluation of antiviral activity of essential oil from <em>Zataria multiflora</em> Boiss. against Newcastle disease virus

Introduction: The study aimed to investigate the antiviral activity of Zataria multiflora (ZM) essential oil against Newcastle disease virus (NDV) on Vero cells. Methods: The cytotoxicity of ZM essential oil was evaluated by MTT assay. Cells were infected with 100 TCID50 of a field isolate of virulent NDV (JF820294.1). ZM essential oil at concentrations of 1/5000, 1/25 000, 1/125 000 or 1/625 000 was added at different times of infection: 60 minutes pre infection, simultaneously and 60 minutes post infection. Cells were evaluated morphologically. The TCID50, neutralizing index (NI) and HA titer were determined. Results: Cells treated with ZM essential oil in all concentrations 1 hour before or after infection, showed CPE similar to control virus cells. In simultaneous use, cells treated with 1/5000 concentration of the essential oil, remained morphologically normal. TCID50 values of all treatments were very close to that of control virus except for simultaneous administration at concentration of 1/5000 which was about 1000 folds lower. Virus titer in different treatments was exactly the same as control virus titer in Haemagglutination (HA) test. Conclusion: ZM essential oil has some antiviral activity on NDV in vitro, which is possibly by destruction of virus infectivity or inhibition of early phases of viral proliferation cycle.</p

A comprehensive comparative investigation on solar heating and cooling technologies from a thermo-economic viewpoint—A dynamic simulation

© 2020 The Authors. Energy Science & Engineering published by the Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons Ltd. The yearly thermo-economic performance is dynamically investigated for three solar heating and cooling systems: solar heating and absorption cooling (SHAC), solar heating and ejector cooling (SHEC), and heating and solar vapor compression cooling (HSVC). First, the effects of important design parameters on the thermo-economic performance of the systems to supply the heating and cooling loads of the building are evaluated. The systems are parametrically analyzed with the weather conditions of Tehran, Iran. The results show that the life cycle costs (LCC) of the SHAC and HSVC systems are alike and much lower than those of the SHEC system. The HSVC system exhibits the best performance from exergetic and solar fraction viewpoints. The comparative analysis shows that the energy efficiencies of the SHAC and SHEC systems are higher in colder climatic conditions. However, the collector efficiency of the HSVC system declines in colder climates, mainly due to the lower solar intensities relative to in hotter climates. Further, the solar fraction of the SHAC system is higher than the SHEC technology under all climatic conditions. Moreover, higher values of solar fractions are obtained under colder weather conditions for the SHEC and HSVC systems. The best economic performance is observed for the SHAC and HSVC technologies, having significantly lower LCCs than the SHEC system. These lower LCCs under colder climatic conditions are due to the lower cost of supplying the heating load compared to the cooling load. Furthermore, all systems exhibit enhanced exergetic performance in colder weather conditions. The yearly thermo-economic performance is dynamically investigated for three solar heating and cooling systems: SHAC, SHEC, and HSVC. In addition, the effects of important design parameters on the thermo-economic performance of the systems to supply the heating and cooling loads of the building are evaluated

The Illusion of Magic Realism as a Stratagem in the Hound of the Baskervilles

The focus of the current research is on the relationship between detective fiction and the art of magic. Such a study is important in order to bring into surface a hidden aspect in one of the most popular novels of detective fiction, i.e., The Hound of the Baskervilles and to reconsider this novel from a new and different point of view. The research approach adopted in this paper includes reconsidering the antagonist of the novel as a professional illusionist rather than a mere villain. The findings from this research provide evidence that adopting an illusionist’s position can provide the antagonist of the novel with concealment and more freedom of action. The main conclusion drawn from this study is that resort to the art of magic on the antagonist’s part can become a great challenge to a detective in a detective novel. This paper recommends that all the antagonists of detective fiction assume hidden roles for achieving their goals not yet known by the readers

The experience of movement in the built form and space: A framework for movement evaluation in architecture

“Movement in architecture” is an organized system of various types of movements stimulated by specific architectural elements. This research was conducted through a qualitative-analytical method and empirical and bibliographical research methods with the aim to categorize different types of movements based on the explorer and observer relationships with the built space and form. So far, most of the related studies have focused on a few aspects of movement. In this article, the author tries not only to address circulation in architecture and visual movements but also the physiological psychology of motion, pictorial representation, and natural factors. The physical movement of built form and space is also considered more coherently and comprehensively, along with all stimulus factors and elements. Subsequently, this research presents a taxonomy in the form of an assessment table correlating with various types of movements along with their generator factors and architectural elements. The article conceptions are justified by a comparative analogy between two bridges: Khaju and Tabiat, representing 17th century and contemporary Iranian architecture, respectively

Can architecture be 11-dimensional? The nature of space in the architecture of the digital world era

This research aims to explore the development of architectural theories about ‘ar- chitectural dimensions’ and look at architecture as a multidimensional space. It is important to understand that with today's development of virtual reality technolo- gy and through the combination of theories of physics and architecture, a new possibility of creating space has emerged. The arguments are made through inductive reasoning and grounded theory approach. According to the M-theory (one of the contemporaneous leading physics theories), physics suggests a world with 11 dimensions. A question could be asked in this way that should architecture be perceived whether as subjective or objective? Therefore, the theoretical arguments have been focused on three parameters of ‘Subjectivity’, ‘Time’, and ‘Reality’. These parameters are the joint integration of the theories in architecture and quantum physics about dimensions. This representation is justified by the demonstration of identical theoretical attributes that are manifested both in the continuum of ‘quantum architecture’ and ‘quantum realm’. On this basis, the dimensions counted for the status quo of architecture would be 1. ‘Physical and Virtual Creatress of Space’ (Physical/Virtual depth, edge, and ceiling height) or a space of mixed reality (real world merged with virtual reality); 2. ‘Active Architecture’ (corpora- tion of Relative and External time in the creation of Physical/Virtual Dynamism); and 3. ‘Smart Engagement of Experiential Dimensions’ (interactive mental, sensorial, and corporeal engagements based on local and non-local realities). These three factors account for ‘Reality’, ‘Time’, and ‘Subjectivity’, respectively. In the end, ‘Eleven-Dimensional Architecture’ would be introduced. Examples of this kind of architecture could be found in smart architecture with mixed reality settings

In vitro evaluation of antiviral activity of essential oil from Zataria multiflora Boiss. against Newcastle disease virus

Introduction: The study aimed to investigate the antiviral activity of Zataria multiflora (ZM) essential oil against Newcastle disease virus (NDV) on Vero cells. Methods: The cytotoxicity of ZM essential oil was evaluated by MTT assay. Cells were infected with 100 TCID50 of a field isolate of virulent NDV (JF820294.1). ZM essential oil at concentrations of 1/5000, 1/25 000, 1/125 000 or 1/625 000 was added at different times of infection: 60 minutes pre infection, simultaneously and 60 minutes post infection. Cells were evaluated morphologically. The TCID50, neutralizing index (NI) and HA titer were determined. Results: Cells treated with ZM essential oil in all concentrations 1 hour before or after infection, showed CPE similar to control virus cells. In simultaneous use, cells treated with 1/5000 concentration of the essential oil, remained morphologically normal. TCID50 values of all treatments were very close to that of control virus except for simultaneous administration at concentration of 1/5000 which was about 1000 folds lower. Virus titer in different treatments was exactly the same as control virus titer in Haemagglutination (HA) test. Conclusion: ZM essential oil has some antiviral activity on NDV in vitro, which is possibly by destruction of virus infectivity or inhibition of early phases of viral proliferation cycle

Tonsillar Lymphangiomatous Polyps: A Rare Case Report

Background: Tonsillar Lymphangiomatous Polyp (TLP) is a rare hamartomatous lesion composed of lymphangiectasia fibro-lipomatous elements. Its stromal framework includes adipose tissue with dilated lymphatic ducts and lymphoid tissue. Despite its rarity, TLP can be challenging to classify due to its unique clinical and pathological characteristics. In this context, we present a comprehensive examination of a TLP patient and documented TLP cases. Case presentation:&nbsp;A 27-year-old man was referred to the Kurdistan Otolaryngology Clinic due to persistent snoring, difficulty swallowing, and a foreign body sensation in his throat. A pedunculated mass was found on the superior pole of the right tonsil. He underwent a bilateral tonsillectomy, and the pathological examination revealed lymphangiomatous polyps. The patient had no postoperative bleeding and showed no recurrence after a year. Discussion:&nbsp;The head and neck region is the most common area for lymphatic lesions, particularly lymphangiomas. While tonsillar lymphangiomatous tumors are rare, identifying them in this area can be challenging. Tonsillar lymphangiomatous polyps are benign tumors that can sometimes be misdiagnosed as malignant neoplasms. Common clinical presentations of lymphangiomatous polyps included dysphagia, dyspnea, and a sensation of having a foreign body in the throat. Surgical removal through tonsillectomy is the established treatment approach, with no documented instances of post-surgery recurrence. Conclusion:&nbsp;We studied a Tonsillar Lymphangiomatous Polyp (TLP) case and provided a comprehensive understanding of its clinical, histopathological, and immunohistochemical attributes. Accurate diagnosis requires histological evaluation, and the recommended treatment involves complete removal of the tonsils