Comparison of Hydrological and Meteorological Drought Monitoring using RDI and EDI Indices

Drought is a natural event that causes water deficit in many countries every year. Arid and semi-arid climate and inappropriate distribution of rain in terms of spatially and temporally has caused doubled increase of negative effects of water deficit in Iran. It is necessary to study drought phenomenon in order to plan and manage encountering with this phenomenon. In this research, the meteorological and hydrological drought situation of Doroud-Boroujerd basin was investigated using data from five meteorological stations and three hydrometric stations from 1987 to 2016. For this purpose, EDI drought meteorological index and RDI drought hydrological index with threshold discharges of Q70 and Q90 were used. The daily precipitation data were used to calculate EDI index and daily discharge data were used to determine RDI index. The results were assessed and compared on annual, monthly and regional scale. The results indicated the prevalence of normal and moderate droughts in most areas of the basin. Moreover, it was found that the EDI index is less sensitive to the length of the statistical period and has logical time changes; hence, it has the capability required for use in drought monitoring system. This index determined 2012 as the driest year. In addition, RDI index showed 1991 as the driest year in both discharge cases, Q70 and Q90 threshold

Global prevalence of nosocomial infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Objectives: Hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) are significant problems as public health issues which need attention. Such infections are significant problems for society and healthcare organizations. This study aimed to carry out a systematic review and a meta-analysis to analyze the prevalence of HAIs globally.   Methods: We conducted a comprehensive search of electronic databases including EMBASE, Scopus, PubMed and Web of Science between 2000 and June 2021. We found 7031 articles. After removing the duplicates, 5430 studies were screened based on the titles/abstracts. Then, we systematically evaluated the full texts of the 1909 remaining studies and selected 400 records with 29,159,630 participants for meta-analysis. Random-effects model was used for the analysis, and heterogeneity analysis and publication bias test were conducted.   Results: The rate of universal HAIs was 0.14 percent. The rate of HAIs is increasing by 0.06 percent annually. The highest rate of HAIs was in the AFR, while the lowest prevalence were in AMR and WPR. Besides, AFR prevalence in central Africa is higher than in other parts of the world by 0.27 (95% CI, 0.22-0.34). Besides, E. coli infected patients more than other micro-organisms such as Coagulase-negative staphylococci, Staphylococcus spp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In hospital wards, Transplant, and Neonatal wards and ICU had the highest rates. The prevalence of HAIs was higher in men than in women.   Conclusion: We identified several essential details about the rate of HAIs in various parts of the world. The HAIs rate and the most common micro-organism were different in various contexts. However, several essential gaps were also identified. The study findings can help hospital managers and health policy makers identify the reason for HAIs and apply effective control programs to implement different plans to reduce the HAIs rate and the financial costs of such infections and save resources

Microleakage of Composite Resin Restorations Using a Type of Fifth and Two Types of Seventh Generations of Adhesive Systems: A Comparative Study

Introduction: In recent dentin adhesive systems etching of enamel/dentin are achieved simultaneously. The objective was to evaluate the microleakage of composite restorations using Single Bond2 (5th generation), Clearfil S3 Bond and G Bond (7th generation). Methods: Class V cavities were prepared on  45 extracted intact premolars with gingival margins at the cementoenamel junction and they were randomly divided into 3 groups (n=15) based on the type of adhesives: Single Bond2 (5th generation), Clearfil S3 Bond and G Bond (7th generation). After applying the adhesives, the cavities were filled with Z250 composite resin. The occlusal and gingival microleakage was evaluated using 2% basic fuchsin staining technique. Data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and Bonferroni corrected Mann-Whitney U tests. Results: The mean rank of occlusal microleakage exhibited significant differences by comparison of G Bond, Clearfil S3 Bond and Single Bond2 (21.07, 30.67) and 17.27, respectively) (P=0.005). There was a significant difference in gingival microleakage of different bonding agents (34.40, 17.83 and 16.77 for G Bond, Clearfil S3 Bond and Single Bond2, respectively) (

Global prevalence of nosocomial infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

ObjectivesHospital-acquired infections (HAIs) are significant problems as public health issues which need attention. Such infections are significant problems for society and healthcare organizations. This study aimed to carry out a systematic review and a meta-analysis to analyze the prevalence of HAIs globally.MethodsWe conducted a comprehensive search of electronic databases including EMBASE, Scopus, PubMed and Web of Science between 2000 and June 2021. We found 7031 articles. After removing the duplicates, 5430 studies were screened based on the titles/ abstracts. Then, we systematically evaluated the full texts of the 1909 remaining studies and selected 400 records with 29,159,630 participants for meta-analysis. Random-effects model was used for the analysis, and heterogeneity analysis and publication bias test were conducted.ResultsThe rate of universal HAIs was 0.14 percent. The rate of HAIs is increasing by 0.06 percent annually. The highest rate of HAIs was in the AFR, while the lowest prevalence were in AMR and WPR. Besides, AFR prevalence in central Africa is higher than in other parts of the world by 0.27 (95% CI, 0.22-0.34). Besides, E. coli infected patients more than other micro-organisms such as Coagulase-negative staphylococci, Staphylococcus spp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In hospital wards, Transplant, and Neonatal wards and ICU had the highest rates. The prevalence of HAIs was higher in men than in women.ConclusionWe identified several essential details about the rate of HAIs in various parts of the world. The HAIs rate and the most common micro-organism were different in various contexts. However, several essential gaps were also identified. The study findings can help hospital managers and health policy makers identify the reason for HAIs and apply effective control programs to implement different plans to reduce the HAIs rate and the financial costs of such infections and save resources

PRISMA 2020 checklist.

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Meta-regression based on age and length of saty.

Meta-regression based on age and length of saty.</p

Meta-analysis based on hospital ward.

Meta-analysis based on hospital ward.</p

Meta-analysis based on micro-organism and infection types.

Meta-analysis based on micro-organism and infection types.</p

Meta-analysis based on gender.

Meta-analysis based on gender.</p