ISLAMIC EDUCATION AND DECENTRALIZATION OF GOVERNMENT : Study of Local Government Policy in the Implementation of Islamic Religious Education in Indonesia

Changes in the government management system in Indonesia from centralized to decentralized have changed the way people perceive local government authority in the management of Islamic education. Although Islamic education in general, and madrasas in particular have not become the object of regional autonomy, at least the community hopes that local governments will use this decentralized moment as an entry point to participate in the implementation of Islamic religious education. This research is a library research, in which documents as a source of data can be obtained either directly or through internet browsing. The results of this study include: (1) the regional government issued a policy to take part in the implementation of Islamic religious education; (2) the form of regional government policies in the implementation of Islamic religious education consists of: regional regulations (provincial/regency/city perda), regional head regulations (Pergub/Perbup/Perwali), and development activity programs; (3) the substance of regional government policies in the delivery of Islamic religious education targets the education curriculum/material, teacher competence, educator welfare, and educational infrastructure.Perubahan sistem pengelolaan pemerintahan di Indonesia dari sentralistik ke desentralistik telah mengubah cara pandang masyarakat akan kewenangan pemerintah daerah dalam pengelolaan pendidikan Islam. Meskipun pendidikan Islam pada umumnya, dan madrasah pada khususnya belum menjadi objek otonomi daerah, tapi sedikitnya masyarakat berharap pemerintah daerah menggunakan moment desentralistik ini sebagai pintu masuk untuk ikut serta dalam penyelenggaraan pendidikan keagamaan Islam. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kepustakaan, di mana dokumen sebagai salah satu sumber data dapat diperoleh secara langsung maupun melalui browsing internet. Hasil dari penelitian ini antara lain: (1) pemerintah daerah mengeluarkan kebijakannya untuk ikut andil dalam penyelenggaraan pendidikan keagamaan Islam; (2) bentuk kebijakan pemerintah daerah dalam penyelenggaraan pendidikan keagamaan Islam teridir dari: peraturan daerah (perda provinsi/kabupaten/kota), peraturan kepala daerah (pergub/perbup/perwali), dan program kegiatan pembangunan; (3) substansi kebijakan pemerintah daerah dalam penyelenggaran pendidikan keagamaan Islam menyasar pada kurikulum/materi pendidikan, komptenesi pendidik, kesejahteraan pendidik, dan sarana prasarana pendidikan

Application of membrane separation in biotechnology

Membrane technology emerges as one of the most important separation methods, which have captured the attention of industries, related to biochemical, pharmaceutical, biomedical, and food industries. Due to the current intensive development and expansion, membrane technology is also rapidly gaining market recognition and application in Malaysia. Factors accelerating the positive growth of membrane market in Malaysia include economic factors, technology, support industries and awareness in environmental safety and health. Therefore, this paper seeks to review the separation mechanism, advantages and applications of synthetic polymeric membranes in biotechnology

Effect of non-solvent additives on the structure and performance of PVDF hollow fiber membrane contactor for CO2 stripping

Microporous polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) hollow fiber membranes with various non-solvent additives, i.e. lithium chloride, glycerol, polyethylene glycol (PEG-400), methanol and phosphoric acid, were fabricated for CO2 stripping via membrane contactors. The membranes were characterized in terms of liquid entry pressure, contact angle, gas permeation and morphology analysis. CO2 stripping performance was investigated by using an in-house made stainless steel module with CO2-preloaded aqueous diethanolamine as the liquid absorbent. Hydrophobicity and gas permeability of the membranes reduced with the addition of a non-solvent additive in the polymer dope but increase in liquid entry pressure was observed as more sponge-like structures developed in the inner layer of the fibers. It was found that PVDF/PEG-400 membrane produced the highest stripping flux of 4.03×10-2 mol m-2 s-1 which can be correlated to its high gas permeation and high effective surface porosity. The result of long-term stripping operation indicated an approximatly 80% stripping flux reduction which can be related to the interaction of polymer membrane and amine solution at high temperature

The effect of phase inversion promoters on the structure and performance of polyetherimide hollow fiber membrane using in gas-liquid contacting process

Low molecular weight organic compounds were added to the spinning dope as phase inversion promoters and their effects on the structure of polyetherimide (PEI) hollow fibers as well as their performance as membrane contactor were investigated. Water, methanol, ethanol, glycerol and acetic acid were added individually to the solvent NMP to prepare a dope containing 15 wt% PEI, 4 wt% additive, 81 wt% NMP and hollow fiber membranes were fabricated via wet spinning method.The solution containing water as the additive had the lowest thermodynamic stability and highest viscosity, which yielded hollow fiber with a thin skin layer of high porosity and a sublayer with sponge-like structure. The four other polymer solutions were more stable thermodynamically and less viscous. Fast solvent/coagulant exchange yielded thick skin layers of lower porosity and sublayers of finger-like macrovoids.Among all fabricated follow fibers, adding methanol resulted in the highest absorption flux, which was ascribed to its high porosity and low tortuosity

Effect of dispersion state of Cloisite15A® on the performance of SPEEK/Cloisite15A nanocomposite membrane for DMFC application

The introduction of 2,4,6-triaminopyrimidine (TAP) into sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK)/Cloisite15A® nanocomposite membranes were investigated for the purpose of maintaining low methanol permeability and suppressing swelling in direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC). SPEEK with 63% of degree of sulfonation (DS) was prepared by sulfonation of PEEK. Cloisite15A (7.5 wt %) along with various weight loading of TAP was incorporated into SPEEK matrix via solution intercalation method. The effect of TAP loading on the SPEEK/Cloisite15A/TAP morphology was studied. The beneficial impact of the SPEEK/Cloisite15A/TAP morphology on the physicochemical properties of the membrane was further discussed. Swelling behavior, ion exchange capacity (IEC), proton conductivity, and methanol permeability of the resultant membranes were determined as a function of Cloisite15A and TAP loadings. Uniform distribution of Cloisite15A particles in the SPEEK polymer matrix in the homogenous SPEEK/Cloisite15A/TAP nanocomposite membranes was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The water uptake of the SPEEK nanocomposite membranes decreased dramatically in the presence of TAP. The significant selectivity of SP/7.5/7.5 nanocomposite membranes could indicate a potential feasibility as a promising electrolyte for DMFC

Design And Development Of Simplex-To-Full Duplex Converter (Sfdc)

Existing fiber optic network employ simplex transmission scheme where two fibers are needed, each to transmit and received signals between connecting points. The increasing demand has seen fiber, particularly in the metro area, are used up in no time. The conventional solution is to install new fibers to support new customers. However fiber installation are always expensive and fussy. Thus, a new approach is desirable in solving the problem. In this thesis, new technique is proposed to double the link bandwidth by fully utilizing the two fiber cores. The technique is based on the basic ligthwave principle that two photons do not know each other. Therefore the optical signals, transmitted and received ones can be made to propagate in the opposite direction in the same fiber, as long as they can be split and isolated at the receiver side. The techniques proposed here in achieving the goal is simple but quite powerful. The components used in developing the device are all passive products. Each of them was characterized prior to developing them according to the design. Then the whole device was tested further both on its own, and in network environment.From the tests conducted, it is important to reduce the reflection from transmitters to adjacent receivers, which is due to SFDC directivity. From the study it is found that the minimum isolation needed between actual and reflected signal to achieve good transmission quality is around 13 dB. Testing on SDH network was successfully conducted on over 50 km fiber link with zero errors. The test was conducted in both laboratory and testbed environment, with cooperation from Telekom Malaysia. Testing on WDM system was conducted in laboratory environment only. The test shows that no error is introduced. Finally it is concluded that SFDC is reliable to be used as a device to realize full duplex transmission, as its realization would result in huge increase in fiber bandwidth utilization with minimum installation and maintainance complexity and cost

Effects of montmorillonite nano-clay fillers on PEI mixed matrix membrane for CO(2) removal

This paper focuses on the effect of montmorillonite nano-clay fillers on polyetherimide (PEI) mixed matrix membrane, specifically upon the removal of carbon dioxide. Five different types of montmorillonite (MMT) nano-clays, including unmodified and industrially modified clays, were used as filler to fabricate asymmetric flat sheet mixed matrix membrane (MMM) via a dry/wet phase inversion technique. The five types of clay used were: raw MMT, Cloisite 15A, general MMT, hydrophobic MMT and hydrophilic MMT. The MMTs were characterized by X-ray diffractometry (XRD), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR). The fabricated MMMs were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), field emission scanning electron microscopic (FESEM) and pure gas permeation testing. The gas permeation results revealed the following order in terms of the permselectivity for CO2/CH4 separation: Cloisite 15A > general MMT > hydrophilic MMT > hydrophobic MMT > raw MMT. The best results were obtained at 0.5 wt.% Cloisite 15A loading where the selectivity enhancement was about 28% as compared to that of neat PEI

Facilitated transport effect of Ag+ ion exchanged halloysite nanotubes on the performance of polyetherimide mixed matrix membrane for gas separation

This study investigated the facilitated transport effect of Ag+ ion exchanged halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) as filler on the gas separation performance of asymmetric mixed matrix membranes (MMMs). The polymer matrix employed in this study was commercial polyetherimide (PEI) Ultem 1000. The modified HNTs were prepared by treating HNTs with N-ß-(aminoethyl)-?-aminopropyltrimethoxy silane (AEAPTMS) and silver nitrate. FESEM, XRD, FTIR, TGA, DSC, EDX and pure gas permeation testing were used to characterise the modified HNTs and the fabricated MMMs. Three protocols were performed: (i) S-HNT MMM (no Ag+ ion exchange treatment), (ii) S-Ag-HNT MMM (first Ag+ ion exchanging and then silylation of HNTs), and (iii) Ag-S-HNT MMM (first silylation and then Ag+ ion exchanging of HNTs). FTIR and TGA showed that silylation occurred successfully. From XRD we found out that, the Ag+ ion exchanging did not affect the HNT crystalline structure. EDX revealed that, Ag+ ion exchanging after silylation of HNTs resulted in much higher concentration of Ag+ ions in the Ag-S-HNT product. This in turn showed that AEAPTMS could successfully enhance the HNTs cation exchange capacity (CEC), which resulted in higher concentration of Ag+ ions in the modified HNTs. DSC disclosed depression in the glass transition temperature (Tg) of MMMs possessed Ag+ ions. Three major factors were discussed: (i) facilitated transport affect of Ag+ ions, (ii) Knudsen diffusion and (iii) Tg depression. By increasing the fillers loading, all of the factors exhibited an additive influence on the permeability. The order of closeness of the resultant MMMs to the ideal morphology was as follows: Ag-S-HNT MMM > S-Ag-HNT MMM > S-HNT MMM. Ag-S-HNT MMM exhibited outstanding performance among the three protocols

Fundamentals of RO membrane separation process: problems and solutions

It is the intention of the authors to let the students understand the underlying principles of membrane separation processes by solving the problems numerically, in general. In particular, in this article problems and answers are presented for reverse osmosis (RO), one of the membrane separation processes driven by the transmembrane hydraulic pressure difference. The transport theories for RO were developed in early nineteen sixties, when the industrial membrane separation processes emerged. These problems are solved step by step using a simple calculator or Excel in computer