Efficiency Analysis of Micro-finance Institutions in Pakistan

Microfinance collectively refers to the supply of loans, savings accounts, and other basic financial services like insurance, to the poor. About one billion people globally live in households with per capita incomes of one dollar per day (Morduch J. 1999). Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) are special financial institutions. They have both a social nature and a for-profit nature. Their performance has been traditionally measured by means of financial ratios. The objective of the study has been to estimate the efficiency of microfinance institutions in Pakistan. Non parametric Data Envelopment analysis has been used to analyze the efficiency of these institutions by using data for the year 2003 and 2007 respectively. Both input oriented and output oriented methods have been considered under the assumption of constant return to scale technologies and microfinance should provide services on sustainable basis. A microfinance institution is said to be financially sustainable if it without the use of subsidies, grants, or other concessional resources, it can profitably provide finance to micro enterprises on an acceptable scale.DEA, Efficiency, Microfinance, Pakistan

Household’s willingness to pay for safe drinking water: A case study of Abbottabad district

This study is based on survey data and used both the contingent valuation method and averting behaviour approach to capture HH's willingness to pay for services and quality in the drinking water sector. In case of the HH’s WTP for improved water services, the study estimates that there is statistically significant effect of location that in urban areas, HHs has more WTP for improved water services. The study also finds that sources of water have a significant effect on WTP i.e. the HH who have own source are willing to pay in the higher range (Rs 51–100) further tap water has significant effect on WTP for the first two quartiles. As expected, education level ignificantly affects WTP for safe drinking water.contingent valuation, averting behaviour, household survey, willingness to pay, Pakistan

Perbandingan Efisiensi Aktual Dan Spesifikasi Generator BTG II Power Plant PT. Semen Tonasa 2×35 MW Pada Berbagai Beban Aktual

The efficiency of generators in a power plant decreases as running duration increases. This can also happen to the generator of the PT. Steam Power Plant. The Semen Tonasa Power Plant is also known as the Boiler Turbine Generator (BTG) Power Plant. BTG II has been operating for approximately 8 years and based on generator operation data, there has been a decrease in the power generated by the genera-tor, when viewed from the power input to the current turbine, compared to the initial operation of this plant. The aims of this study are to assess the value of the real generator efficiency and compare it to the efficiency generator based on its specifications. Data loading is required to ascertain the true value of generator efficiency, as the output power created by the generator and the input power is the power gen-erated by the turbine, which is computed using the enthalpy reduction method. According to the research, the average generator efficiency values for generator units C and D are 91.36 percent and 90.34 percent, respectively, with real average loads of 25,56 MW and 25,08 MW. In comparison to the data standards, generator unit C saw a 6.76 percent drop in efficiency, whereas generator unit D experienced a 7.76 per-cent decrease efficiency. Comparison with the data specifications for generator units C experienced a decrease in efficiency of 6,76% while generator unit D experienced a decrease in efficiency of 7,76%. The efficiency of the generator in unit C decreased 0.85% per year, and unit D was 0.97%

Energy Demand in Pakistan: A Disaggregate Analysis

This study examines the demand for energy at disaggregate level (gas, electricity and coal) for Pakistan over the period 1972-2007. Over main results suggest that electricity and coal consumption responds positively to changes in real income per capita and negatively to changes in domestic price level. The gas consumption responds negatively to real income and price changes in the short-run, however, in the long-run real income exerts positive effect on gas consumption, while domestic price remains insignificant. Furthermore, in the short-run the average elasticities of price and real income for gas consumption (in absolute terms) are greater than that of electricity and coal consumption. The differences in elasticities of each component of energy have significant policy implications for income and revenue generation.Energy Demand, Disaggregate Analysis, Cointegration

MANAJEMEN STRATEGI GURU DALAM MENUMBUHKAN KESADARAN SISWA UNTUK MEMPERTAHANKAN PROGRAM ADIWIYATA DI MADRASAH TSANAWIYAH NEGERI 2 PAMEKASAN

Strategic management is a series of processes or stages. The strategic management process provides managers with a combined framework for dealing with a variety of unique problems to identify new opportunities more easily and to estimate the strengths that could be used and weaknesses that should be corrected. This research uses a qualitative approach with descriptive type, the source of which is data obtained through interviews, observation, and documentation. The results showed that the teacher's strategic management in growing students' awareness to maintain Adiwiyata program, namely 1) Planning 2) Implementation 3) Evaluation every 3 months once. The supporting factors are: 1) Cooperation and cooperation between all elements of the school, 2) Following the existing regulations in school 3) Creating POKJA, 4) forming a picket schedule to monitor cleanliness, 5) Students do come from Adiwiyata elementary schools, 6) All teachers applying the Adiwiyata program to learning and organizational life. Inhibiting factors, namely: 1) The teacher's ignorance of the program and behavior that leads to the Adiwiyata program, 2) Family factors

The Baseline Design of The UiS Subsea Glider for Cargo and Liquid Carbon Dioxide Transportation

This dissertation presents the baseline design of the UiS subsea-freight glider (USFG) for cargo and liquid carbon dioxide transportation. The USFG is a cutting-edge autonomous vessel developed to be an alternative to active transportation technologies and satisfy the demands of small-scale fields for CO2 transportation. Usually, these smaller fields fail to economically justify the costs of large tanker or cargo ships or underwater pipelines on the seabed, as the transport volume is nominal compared to larger fields. The USFG can travel underwater at an operational depth of 200 meters, allowing the glider to carry freight operations without considering ideal weather windows. The length of the USFG is 5.50 meters, along with a beam of 50.25 meters, which allows the vessel to carry 518 m3 of CO2 while serving the storage needs of the carbon capture and storage (CCS) ventures on the Norwegian continental shelf. It can maneuver itself underwater by monitoring the flow between the ballast tanks. During the entire mission of the USFG, from capturing to injection locations, it follows a pre-laid route while experiencing transient loads from the ocean current. A planar mathematical model for the analysis of equilibrium glide paths of the USFG is presented. The model is developed using Simscape Multibody in MATLAB/Simulink to study the volatile dynamics of the glider. Subsequently, the gliding paths of USFG in the vertical plane are analyzed along with the observability and controllability of the steady equilibrium glides. Along with the control gliding design of the USFG, the mechanical design is also presented in this work. The maneuvering model of the USFG is presented along with two operational case studies: the equilibrium glide and the -38° dive. The extreme motion along the surge direction affects the range of the glider (vital for battery design) and the dynamic controller parameters concerning maneuverability. Finally, the averaged conditional exceedance rate (ACER) is employed to scrutinize the extreme motion (surge direction) of the USFG while gliding to a defined depth. This analysis is done when the glider is exposed to an average current velocity of 0.5 m/s and 1.0 m/s. The presented ACER method efficiently uses the available data points and accurately predicts the extreme surge responses precisely and accurately

National Finance Commission Awards in Pakistan: A Historical Perspective

This study explores the evolution of fiscal resource distribution in Pakistan. Pakistan is a federation comprising four provinces, federallyadministered areas, and the Islamabad Capital Territory. Being a central type of government, most of the revenues are collected by the centre and then redistributed vertically between the federal and the provincial governments, and horizontally among the provinces. Provinces then also redistribute revenues among lower tiers of the government, through a revenue-sharing formula. A thorough look at the history indicates that this process has been complex and has a far-reaching impact. A less systematic approach has been adopted to decentralise the financial matters. Over time, the divisible pool has expanded due to heavy reliance on indirect taxes as well as improvement in the collection. Population is the sole distribution criteria, adopted in all NFC awards from the divisible pool. This has raised friction among the provinces, necessitating inclusion of other potential variables evolved from international best practices. In addition to that, absence of technical experts and permanency of the NFC is another impediment. The NFC is supposed to provide the framework for amicable distribution of resources between the federal and the provincial governments for the joint goal of development and prosperity.NFC; Pakistan; Fiscal Federalism; Rule and Discretion; Political Economy; Population; Subventions; Doing the Business of Government