Aid Effectiveness in Bangladesh

This paper provides a critical review of aid effectiveness in Bangladesh . It focuses on the contributions of three major, high-profile donors: the World Bank, the Asian Development Bank (ADB), and the Government of Japan (GOJ). In assessing aid effectiveness, the paper uses a qualitative triangulation approach based on the subjective judgments of donors and recipients. This approach is dictated by the deficiencies of quantitative methods for this purpose and the lack of adequate and reliable quantitative data. The paper then discusses the causes of aid ineffectiveness. As this theme has a wider resonance beyond Bangladesh, the discussion next turns to the experiences of the developing world as a whole. Recommendations for making aid more effective follow, and the paper ends with some concluding remarks.aid effectiveness, poverty, conditionality, cross-country regressions

Collective Asynchronous Remote Invocation (CARI): A High-Level and Effcient Communication API for Irregular Applications

The Message Passing Interface (MPI) standard continues to dominate the landscape of parallel computing as the de facto API for writing large-scale scientific applications. But the critics argue that it is a low-level API and harder to practice than shared memory approaches. This paper addresses the issue of programming productivity by proposing a high-level, easy-to-use, and effcient programming API that hides and segregates complex low-level message passing code from the application specific code. Our proposed API is inspired by communication patterns found in Gadget-2, which is an MPI-based parallel production code for cosmological N-body and hydrodynamic simulations. In this paper—we analyze Gadget-2 with a view to understanding what high-level Single Program Multiple Data (SPMD) communication abstractions might be developed to replace the intricate use of MPI in such an irregular application—and do so without compromising the effciency. Our analysis revealed that the use of low-level MPI primitives—bundled with the computation code—makes Gadget-2 diffcult to understand and probably hard to maintain. In addition, we found out that the original Gadget-2 code contains a small handful of—complex and recurring—patterns of message passing. We also noted that these complex patterns can be reorganized into a higherlevel communication library with some modifications to the Gadget-2 code. We present the implementation and evaluation of one such message passing pattern (or schedule) that we term Collective Asynchronous Remote Invocation (CARI). As the name suggests, CARI is a collective variant of Remote Method Invocation (RMI), which is an attractive, high-level, and established paradigm in distributed systems programming. The CARI API might be implemented in several ways—we develop and evaluate two versions of this API on a compute cluster. The performance evaluation reveals that CARI versions of the Gadget-2 code perform as well as the original Gadget-2 code but the level of abstraction is raised considerably

Creating Business Intelligence through Machine Learning: An Effective Business Decision Making Tool

Growing technological progressions have given rise to many issues concerning the contemporary decision making in business, which is a difficult phenomenon without Business Intelligence/ Machine Learning. The linking of machine learning with business intelligence is not only pivotal for business decision making but also for the business intelligence in totality, owing to the reason that in absence of machine learning, decision making couldn’t take place efficaciously. Machines need to learn, re-learn, and then only they can help your learning process. The below paper seeks to make this concept simple/ easy by removing the ambiguities using a general framework. In order to prove the impact of machine learning on business intelligence, we need to forecast the trends, what is going around the world – business has to stay updated, then only it can be a successful endeavour.  The paper posits the basic theories and definitions of business intelligence and machine learning. To learn from the past and forecast the future trends, many companies are adopting business intelligence tools and systems. Companies have understood the brilliance of enforcing achievements of the goals defined by their business strategies through business intelligence concepts and with the help of machine learning. It describes the insights on the role and requirement of real time BI by examining the business needs. Keywords: Business Intelligence (BI); Machine Learning (ML); Artificial Neural Networks (ANN); Self-Organizing Maps (SOM); Data Mining (DM); Data Warehousing (DW)

APLIKASI KENDALI PID MENGGUNAKAN SKEMA GAIN SCHEDULING UNTUK PENGENDALIAN SUHU CAIRAN PADA PLANT ELECTRIC WATER HEATER

Metode PID gain scheduling adalah metode kendali dimana nilai paramater PID dijadwal berdasarkan titik kerja atau kondisi operasi yang dihadapi. Hal ini dimaksudkan agar respon sistem yang dihasilkan menjadi lebih baik pada daerah respon yang memiliki bedan yang berbeda. Pada kasus ini gangguan yang diberikan berupa gangguan aliran inlet. Pengendalian menggunakan metode PID gain scheduling ini sebelumnya dilakukan pencarian parameter kontroler PID pada beban-beban tertentu dengan menggunakan metode Ziegler Nichols I. Setelah didapatkan parameterparameter kontroler tersebut kemudian membagi daerah proses untuk variasi penjadwalan sistem (SV). Hal ini dimaksudkan agar saat terjadi gangguan berupa perubahan aliran inlet, sistem dapat langsung menanggapi dengan cepat. Dari hasil pengujian penggunaan metode Kendali gain scheduling dirasa sangat efektif dalam menangani gangguan. Metode kendali gain scheduling menghasilkan nilai ITAE sebesar 141051yang lebih kecil dibandingkan sistem yang menggunakan kendali PID single dengan nilai ITAE 174067 dan 187569. Anaisis indeks performansi kesalahan ITAE digunakan untuk menentukan unjuk kerja sistem yang terbaik dengan menghitung nilai integral dari error yang didapatkan saat pengujian. Kata kunci : PID (Proporsional-Integral-Derivative), Gain Scheduling, Mikrokontroler ATmega32, Integral of Time Absolut Error (ITAE)

Inflation, superheavy metastable strings and gravitational waves in non-supersymmetric flipped SU(5)

Motivated by the NANOGrav 15 year data and other recent investigations of stochastic gravitational background radiation based on pulsar timing arrays, we show how superheavy strings survive inflation but the slightly heavier monopoles do not in a non-supersymmetric hybrid inflation model based on flipped $SU(5)$. With the dimensionless string tension parameter $G \mu\approx 10^{-7}-10^{-6}$, the gravitational wave spectrum emitted by the strings, which are metastable due to breaking caused by monopole-antimonopole quantum mechanical tunneling, is compatible with the latest NANOGrav measurement as well as the advanced LIGO-VIRGO third run data. For $G \mu \approx 10^{-6}$, the string network undergoes about 30 $e$-foldings of inflation which suppresses the spectrum in the LIGO-VIRGO frequency range. With the symmetry breaking chain $SU(5) \times U(1)_X \to SU(3)_c \times SU(2)_L\times U(1)_Z \times U(1)_X \to SU(3)_c \times SU(2)_L \times U(1)_ Y$, the estimated proton lifetime is of order $10^{34}-10^{36}$ yrs.Comment: 17 pages, 2 figures and 5 table

Apoptotic Effects of Prunus persica (L) Batsch Leaves against Breast Cancer Cell Line (MDA-MB-231) and Cervical Cancer Cell Line (HeLa) In Vitro

Background: Apoptosis is a normal physiological phenomenon that plays a pivotal role during embryonic development, retention of tissue homeostasis and pathology. The experimental investigation of apoptotic processes is still challenging and routinely based on the assessment of molecular events like chromatin fragmentation and caspase enzyme activity. The present study was conducted to evaluate the apoptosis inducing effect of the Methanol, aqueous and chloroform extracts of Prunus persica leaves. Methods: Different extracts were obtained by cold extraction process using Methanol, water and Chloroform as solvents. Crude extracts were screened for different phytochemical constituents like flavonoids, tannins, sugars, saponins, and glycosides etc. The apoptotic effect of Prunus persica leaves was examined by DAPI staining assay against MDA-MB-231 (Human breast cancer cell line) and HeLa (Human cervical cancer cell line). Results: The results of the studies revealed that the Chloroform extract have tremendous apoptotic activity on MDA-MB-231 cells and methanolic extract have good apoptotic activity on HeLa cells. Nuclear morphological changes assessed by DAPI shows changes in morphology, apoptotic body formation, cell shrinkage, nuclei that were broken into discrete fragments and cell budding that resulted  in cells of various sizes. Conclusion: The phytochemical screening reveals the presence of alkaloids, tannins, Saponins, steroids and flavonoids. The Chloroform extract has shown more effectiveness and less toxicity against MDA-MB-231 and Methanol extract was more apoptotic against HeLa in comparison to others. The present findings clearly indicated that Prunus persica leaves showed dose dependant cytotoxicity

Pseudocyst of pinna: a clinical experience

Background: Pseudocyst of pinna is an intracartilagenous accumulation of fluid in pinna and is hardly encountered in routine ENT practice. The etiology is unclear. It is seen to affect most commonly middle-aged males. Medical treatment is ineffective. Various treatments are suggested in the literature. The aims of the paper were to study the clinical and demographic characteristic of patients with pseudocysts.Methods: Forty patients were diagnosed with pseudocyst of the auricle between July 2016 and July 2019 on the basis of clinical characteristics, colour of aspirated fluid and absence of infection. Clinical and demographic characteristics were noted.Results: Out of 40 patients only five were females. Involvement of left side was seen more than right one. None had bilateral involvement. Adults in the age group of 31-45 were commonly affected. Most common site of involvement was triangular fossa.Conclusions: Pseudocyst of the pinna is a benign condition characterized by intracartilagenous accumulation of fluid. The disease is seen commonly unilaterally in middle aged males. Many modalities of treatment have been recommended in the literature with varied recurrence and failure rates

Geometric and harmonic means based priority dispatching rules for single machine scheduling problems

[EN] This work proposes two new prority dispatching rules (PDRs) for solving single machine scheduling problems. These rules are based on the geometric mean (GM) and harmonic mean (HM) of the processing time (PT) and the due date (DD) and they are referred to as GMPD and HMPD respectively. Performance of the proposed PDRs is evaluated on the basis of five measures/criteria i.e. Total Flow Time (TFT), Total Lateness (TL), Number of Late Jobs (TNL), Total Earliness (TE) and Number of Early Parts (TNE). It is found that GMPD performs better than other PDRs in achieving optimal values of multiple performance measures. Further, effect of variation in the weight assigned to PT and DD on the combined performance of TFT and TL is also examined which reveals that for deriving optimal values of TFT and TL, weighted harmonic mean (WHMPD) rule with a weight of 0.105 outperforms other PDRs. The weighted geometric mean (WGMPD) rule with a weight of 0.37 is found to be the next after WHMPD followed by the weighted PDT i.e. WPDT rule with a weight of 0.76.Ahmad, S.; Khan, ZA.; Ali, M.; Asjad, M. (2021). Geometric and harmonic means based priority dispatching rules for single machine scheduling problems. International Journal of Production Management and Engineering. 9(2):93-102. https://doi.org/10.4995/ijpme.2021.15217OJS9310292Baharom, M. Z., Nazdah, W., &Hussin, W. (2015). Scheduling Analysis for Job Sequencing in Veneer Lamination Line. Journal of Industrial and Intelligent Information, 3(3). https://doi.org/10.12720/jiii.3.3.181-185Chan, F. T. S., Chan, H. K., Lau, H. C. W., & Ip, R. W. L. (2003). Analysis of dynamic dispatching rules for a flexible manufacturing system. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 138(1), 325-331. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-0136(03)00093-1Cheng, T. C. E., &Kahlbacher, H. G. (1993). 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Clinico-pathological profile of female breast cancer in Kashmir: an institutional experience

Background: Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women and one of the most important causes of death among them. The present study tries to evaluate the demographic, clinical, and pathological profile of female breast cancer patients in Kashmir Methods: This study was done in government medical college Srinagar, department of radiation oncology. A retrospective review of 84 patients of breast cancer treated between January 2021 and March 2023 was done. Results: A total of 84 patients were taken for this study. Most patients presented in the 4th and 5th decade of life with a mean age of 45.5± 8.58. 50% of the patients were having T2 followed by 19.04% having T4 and 16.66% having T1 while 14.28 % had T3 stage. 32.1% of patients were having N0 nodal status, 25.0% were having N3 followed by 23.80% had N1 and 19.04% had N2 nodal disease.52.38% were having stage II and 36.90% were having stage III and 4.76% were having stage IV. 85.71% were having invasive ductal carcinoma, 9.52% were having invasive lobular carcinoma and 4.76% were having medullary carcinoma. 23.80% of patients were Triple +, 27.38 % of patients were Triple Negative, 25.0% were ER+/ PR+. Conclusions: The incidence of female breast cancer was more in the age group of 41–50 years. Stage II was more followed by Stage III. The most common histopathology type was invasive ductal carcinoma. Triple negativity was seen more in our patients.

Aid Effectiveness in Bangladesh

This paper provides a critical review of aid effectiveness in Bangladesh . It focuses on the contributions of three major, high-profile donors: the World Bank, the Asian Development Bank (ADB), and the Government of Japan (GOJ). In assessing aid effectiveness, the paper uses a qualitative triangulation approach based on the subjective judgments of donors and recipients. This approach is dictated by the deficiencies of quantitative methods for this purpose and the lack of adequate and reliable quantitative data. The paper then discusses the causes of aid ineffectiveness. As this theme has a wider resonance beyond Bangladesh, the discussion next turns to the experiences of the developing world as a whole. Recommendations for making aid more effective follow, and the paper ends with some concluding remarks