Who moderates my social media? Locating Indian workers in the global content moderation practices

Building on the growing concerns around hate speech and harmful content on social media, this chapter analyzes the processes by which content is moderated on leading social media platforms. The outsourcing practices of platform operators or social media companies to acquire content moderation services from third-party companies have been acknowledged in the public discourse. Details regarding these outsourcing relationships and power mechanisms remain obfuscated, however. Using empirical data from India, this chapter presents a global value chain perspective on the mechanisms by which US-based social media monopolies source content moderation services from Indian information technology business process outsourcing (IT BPO) supplier companies. The agreements established between the two parties direct the content moderation labor process through which Indian workers’ labor power is transformed into productive labor

COVID-19 and the Future of Content Moderation

The coronavirus crisis is disrupting the functioning of content moderation, causing the loss of thousands of jobs in an overlooked profession

Knowledge Aptitude and Perspective Study Regarding Awareness of Dengue Fever among 4th Year Students of Nishtar Medical College, Multan-Pakistan

Introduction: Dengue is a viral disease that has caused significant morbidity and mortality in various regions of the world, especially in the tropical and sub-tropical regions. There is a lack of information on knowledge, attitudes and practices of the people regarding dengue infection.Objective of study: The objective of the study was to ascertain the knowledge, attitude and practices of 4th year medical students at Nishtar Medical College in relation to awareness of Dengue fever.Methodology: This was an observational, cross-sectional study in which data was collected by a close ended questionnaire distributed among the students of 4th year medical students. Findings: Data was collected from 146 responses. All respondents (100%) claimed to know about the dengue fever but only 67 (47.95%) of the respondents knew about the causative agent of the disease and only 57 (39%) of the respondents were well aware of the treatment strategies against the infection. A total of 106 (73.28%) of respondents claimed to know the preventive measures. 139 (95%) knew the preventive measures through their well acquaintance with electronic and print media. The study was carried out at Nishtar Medical College, which is one of the biggest Hospital of Asia.Conclusion: The proportion of medical students having adequate knowledge about Dengue infection is not very encouraging. Keywords: Dengue fever, Dengue infection, awareness, knowledge

Knowledge Aptitude and Perspective Study Regarding Awareness of Dengue Fever among 4th Year Students of Nishtar Medical College, Multan-Pakistan

Introduction: Dengue is a viral disease that has caused significant morbidity and mortality in various regions of the world, especially in the tropical and sub-tropical regions. There is a lack of information on knowledge, attitudes and practices of the people regarding dengue infection. Objective of study: The objective of the study was to ascertain the knowledge, attitude and practices of 4th year medical students at Nishtar Medical College in relation to awareness of Dengue fever. Methodology: This was an observational, cross-sectional study in which data was collected by a close ended questionnaire distributed among the students of 4th year medical students. Findings: Data was collected from 146 responses. All respondents (100%) claimed to know about the dengue fever but only 67 (47.95%) of the respondents knew about the causative agent of the disease and only 57 (39%) of the respondents were well aware of the treatment strategies against the infection. A total of 106 (73.28%) of respondents claimed to know the preventive measures. 139 (95%) knew the preventive measures through their well acquaintance with electronic and print media. The study was carried out at Nishtar Medical College, which is one of the biggest Hospital of Asia. Conclusion: The proportion of medical students having adequate knowledge about Dengue infection is not very encouraging. Keywords: Dengue fever, Dengue infection, awareness, knowledge

Antimicrobial stewardship: need of the hour

Efforts to tackle the global threat of Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) have recently taken shape in a number of potentially far-reaching collaborative initiatives. When microbes become resistant to medicines, the options for treating the diseases they cause are reduced. This resistance to antimicrobial medicines is happening in all parts of the world for a broad range of microorganisms with an increasing prevalence that threatens human and animal health. The direct consequences of infection with resistant microorganisms can be severe, including longer illnesses, increased mortality, prolonged hospital stay, loss of protection for patients undergoing operations and other medical procedures, and increased costs. Antimicrobial resistance affects all areas of health, involves many sectors and has an impact on the whole of society. To overcome the threat of antimicrobial resistance, a three-pillar approach has been advocated i.e. Optimize the use of existing antimicrobial agents, prevent the transmission of drug-resistant organisms through infection control and Improve environmental decontamination. Antimicrobial stewardship [AMSP] is one of the key strategies to overcome resistance. It is an inter-professional effort, across the continuum of care, involves timely and optimal selection, dose and duration of an antimicrobial for the best clinical outcome for the treatment or prevention of infection with minimal toxicity to the patient and minimal impact on resistance and other ecological adverse events

Postpartum Care Utilization among Primigravida: A Study in Rural Punjab, Pakistan

The present paper examined some of the socio-economic factors associated with postpartum care utilization among primigravida (first time mothers) in rural Punjab, Pakistan. Data were collected from 205 primigravida within six weeks following their delivery. Maternal education, husband’s education, husband’s occupation, monthly household income and exposure to mass media turned out to be some of the important factors in postpartum care utilization. Antenatal care, type of delivery and place of delivery were significantly associated with the postpartum care services utilization. The findings of the present study clearly underscored the importance of educational attainments of both the spouses in determining the postpartum care utilization. This finding implies that education can help reduce maternal morbidity and mortality. Keywords: Ante-natal care, Postpartum care, Primigravida, Maternal morbidity, Maternal mortalit

Spectrum Occupancy Measurements and Analysis in 2.4 GHz WLAN

High time resolution spectrum occupancy measurements and analysis are presented for 2.4 GHz WLAN signals. A custom-designed wideband sensing engine records the received power of signals, and its performance is presented to select the decision threshold required to define the channel state (busy/idle). Two sets of measurements are presented where data were collected using an omni-directional and directional antenna in an indoor environment. Statistics of the idle time windows in the 2.4 GHz WLAN are analyzed using a wider set of distributions, which require fewer parameters to compute and are more practical for implementation compared to the widely-used phase type or Gaussian mixture distributions. For the omni-directional antenna, it was found that the lognormal and gamma distributions can be used to model the behavior of the idle time windows under different network traffic loads. In addition, the measurements show that the low time resolution and angle of arrival affect the statistics of the idle time window