PLANNING OF MULTIPLE FEEDERS ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

ectrical Distribution System is a system to distribute electricity to users. Electricity that is being distributed comes from generation station where the electrical power is generated. The electrical power is then being transmitted through Transmission System to substations to be distributed to the users. Electrical Distribution System is very important because it affects the end users directly, thus distribution system planning is very essential. In general, distribution system planning process involves selecting the location of the substation, configuring how the substation connects with all the nodes, and selecting the conductor to be used as feeder for all the branches in the distribution system. In this project, several algorithms are implemented to design an electrical distribution system which are (1) Optimal Feeder Path Algorithm, (2) Modified Load Flow Algorithm, (3) Optimal Branch Conductor Selection Algorithm, and ( 4) Optimal Location of Substation Algorithm. These four algorithms are combined together to design a distribution system which provides high node voltages, low real and reactive power losses of branches, and low installation and operating costs. Three types of design are considered in this project, ( 1) single feeder distribution system, (2) two feeders distribution system, (3) three feeders distribution system

Investigation of hardness gradient in carburizing of Fe-24Mn steel / Ahmad Amirul Nordin

The superiority of High Manganese steel (Fe-24Mn) is it provide high strength and at the same time it also have high formability. The application of this type of steel is suitable for the automotive industry which requires excellent strength and excellent formability. The effect of carburized Fe-24Mn was analysed. Samples were carburized at 930 °C with different carburizing time from 1 hour to 3 hours under pack carburizing and 30 minute under gas carburizing. After carburizing process, the test sample was subjected to hardness and spring-back test. Optical microscopic test and was carried out to evaluate the case hardening profile. The hardness gradient of the Fe-24Mn steel was analysed using the Vickers hardness test with various case depth. Microscope was used in order to analyse the microstructure. The Fe-24Mn steels was bent using a die with an angle of 120° and the actual bending angle are measured using a profile projector to determine the spring-back factor. Based on the mechanical test, overall it shows that the hardness of the Fe-24Mn steel increased with the carburizing time and spring-back factor also increase with carburizing time

Sejarah penubuhan dan perkembangan Central Lunatic Asylum Tanjong Rambutan, 1911 hingga 1941

Pengenalan perkhidmatan kesihatan mental oleh British merupakan salah satu kesan daripada perkembangan kemajuan sosioekonomi di Semenanjung Tanah Melayu. Makalah ini bertujuan mengupas sejarah penubuhan Central Lunatic Asylum Tanjong Rambutan, Perak dengan berfokus mengenai penubuhan dan perkembangan institusi rawatan penyakit mental ini. Kajian merangkumi perbincangan seperti perkembangan pentadbiran, bilangan pesakit mental dan kaedah rawatan yang dilaksanakan sehingga tercetusnya Perang Dunia Kedua pada tahun 1941. Kajian kualitatif ini dilaksanakan melalui kaedah rujukan dan interpretasi sumber primer yang terdiri daripada rekod-rekod kolonial di Arkib Negara Malaysia selain melaksanakan penyelidikan lapangan di Hospital Bahagia Ulu Kinta, Perak. Hasil kajian membuktikan penubuhan Central Lunatic Asylum Tanjong Rambutan pada tahun 1911 telah mengalami beberapa perkembangan sehingga tahun 1941 termasuklah aspek pentadbiran dan peningkatan bilangan pesakit mental yang menerima rawatan. Kajian juga mendapati terdapat beberapa undang-undang berkaitan masalah penyakit mental telah dikuatkuasakan bagi memastikan keberkesanaan perkhidmatan kesihatan mental di Semenanjung Tanah Melayu. Kajian ini diharapkan dapat memberi sumbangan kepada bidang sejarah sosial terutama dalam penulisan sejarah kesihatan era kolonial sebelum tercetusnya Perang Dunia Kedua

Potential Application of Learning Organization Principle in Zakat Institution in Malaysia

This paper explores the concepts and understandings of learning organization and examines the potential integration of the learning organization idea in Islamic organization, in this case, zakat institution. The study analyses four understanding of learning organization based on Ortenblad (2002) that are organizational learning, learning at work, learning climate and learning structure against the management practise at zakat institutions. The findings suggest that the idea of learning organization is in harmony with Islamic teaching in many ways. Empirical research on the practice of learning organization in Islamic organizations is needed to shed more lights on the subject. Theoretically, learning organization can be successfully implemented in Islamic organizations and zakat institution in particular can be a learning organizations

A case study of learning organization practiced in halal food industry in Malaysia / Aini Ahmad and Norhaslinda Nordin

As the halal food industry grows, the discourse on the managerial issues in the industry becomes increasingly pivotal. Similar to other bodies, halal fraternities encounter managerial problem that is the insufficiency of quality management in the industry. In tandem with the popular concept of management expounded for respectful bodies named learning organization, this paper attempts to ascertain its application in two halal food companies. The discourse on the occurrence of learning organization in other entities is regular. Nevertheles, in halal food industry; the area stands remote from the hive of scrutiny. This study delve into two established halal manufacturers in an attempt to evaluate the occurrence of the purported characteristics based on the understanding of learning organization introduced by Ortenblad (2002). The meant understanding encompasses learning at workplace, the climate for learning, learning structure, and organizational learning. Through interview, this study ascertains the level of embracement for the characteristics intentionally and unintentionally achieved in both companies. The result shows that both halal food companies do practice some elements suggested in the purported learning organization. This study opines that learning organization can flourish in halal bodies with the condition that proper and serious initiatives are taken to implement it

The evaluation of acoustic characteristic performance on natural sound absorbing materials from cogon grass waste

In the past few decades, synthetic fibers are been used widely in the field of sound absorption due to their superior characteristics such as durable and chemical resistant. However, there are several disadvantages of synthetic fibers such as non-biodegradability and hazards to the health of human. In this research, the natural sound absorber from cogon grass was investigated. The objective of the research was to evaluate the performance of cogon grass physical characteristics on its acoustical behavior, to evaluate the effect of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) treatment times on physical and acoustical characteristics of cogon grass, to investigate the decay effects after it was left over for twelve months and lastly to compare and verify the acoustical results with theoretical models based on (Delany-Bazley and Miki Model). The measurement of acoustical characteristics which are sound absorption coefficient (SAC) and noise reduction coefficient (NRC) were done by using impedance tube method (ITM). The samples of cogon grass were tested in a way of the untreated and treated with NaOH in varied soaked hours which are one, two, three, four and five hours. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and density kit were used to investigate physical characteristics. The research confirmed that physical characteristics of tortuosity and airflow resistivity values tend to increase with the increment of treatment times, but the density and porosity tend to decrease. Untreated samples were tested with varied thicknesses of 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50mm. The results show SAC value increases when the thickness of the sample was increased. Treated samples results show the least treated sample (1 hour) reached the maximum SAC value and indicated the highest value of NRC which is 0.50. The results also show a reduction in sound absorption value after the samples were left for twelve months. Verification parts demonstrated that Delany-Bazley and Miki Model can predict approximately pattern compared with ITM results because of the theoretical models are developed by a simple empirical model approach. Overall, cogon grass samples have the good characteristics to be an acoustic material component

A Study of MPPT Charge Controller Roles in Photovoltaic Energy Management

Energy management system for controlling a microgrid. Management of power flow for minimizing the cost of electricity and reduction of loss of energy produced by renewable energy sources. This paper is about a study of MPPT charge controller roles in photovoltaic energy management. PV systems usually provide a photovoltaic array, the MPPT charge controller, storage battery, and dc load. The MPPT charge controller is important. It continuously tracks the maximum power point and delivers the maximum possible power to the battery at any given point in time. In this project, a dc-dc boost converter circuit has been simulated using the software of Proteus. The microcontroller in Arduino NANO is used and will read the voltage values, the current values, and process all the calculations. Perturb and observe (P & O) algorithm is used to transfer maximum power from the PV panel which is executed using a microcontroller. The Arduino NANO is programmed using the software of Arduino IDE. Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) is used to display the voltage, current, and power from the PV module and PWM from the MPPT charge controller. The benefit of this project is to achieve high efficiency and low cost of photovoltaic (PV) model for the design of PV systems with a simple MPPT

Improvement of the total mass and operating time of Knapsack sprayer to Propel Cart Sprayer (PCS)

There are two types of background of the farmers which are the large scale and small scale of agriculture. Usually, the large scale farmers will use the motorize Knapsack Sprayer while the small scale farmers will use manual-operated Knapsack Sprayer. The motorize Knapsack Sprayer that uses by the large scale of agriculture farmers’ area is to save the cost and time [1]. Unfortunately, both types of Knapsack Sprayer have their own ineffectiveness and risk especially the manual Knapsack Sprayer. The farmers that use the manual Knapsack Sprayer will have to carry the heavy load at their back while spraying the pesticide. These are a very burden to the farmers, especially for the old farmers. The weight of the mixture carried can be up to 17 kilograms depends on the density of the mixture whereas the safe weight lifting legalize by OSHA is 22.68 kilograms which the load almost near to its limit for average man and will affect the body locomotion and bones structure is carried in a long term period [2]. The total sprayed area per full tank is 44.09 meters square. The process of spraying the pesticide will slow down because the farmers have to bring the heavy load

Improvement of the ergonomical structure of Knapsack sprayer to propel cart sprayer (PCS)

A sprayer is a device used to spray a liquid projection mostly used in agriculture crop used to apply such as pesticides. The sprayer’s usage are based on the type of the background of the farmers scale in agriculture. Large scale of farmers will use the motorize sprayer that will help saving their time to pesticide a large are of corps [1]. Meanwhile, small scale of farmers will use a manual operated sprayer such as Knapsack Sprayer which it is a low cost, low maintenance and easy to use since it does not have engine when operated. Both type of the sprayer has its own advantages and disadvantages that will affect the user. Mainly the manual operated Knapsack Sprayer is a knapsack type, a burden that will make user carry the heavy load at their back while spraying pesticide. The weight of the mixture carried can be up to 17 kilograms depends on the density of the mixture whereas the safe weight lifting legalize by OSHA is 22.68 kilograms which the load almost near to its limit for average man and will affect the body locomotion and bones structure if carried in a long term period. Total sprayed area per full tank are 44.09 meters square [2]. The product that will be made are to counter this problem occur while using Knapsack Sprayer. This product using pushing force to spray the targeted area without having the user to carry a heavy burden while working