Drag Reducing Agent for Water System Using Natural Polymer (Aloe Vera)

Research and development of new chemicals to ensure flow assurance of hydrocarbon in turbulent pipe flow has been done throughout the years since the first introduction of Drag Reducing Agent (DRA) by Tom back in 1948. Drag had caused several problems to the flow line such as power pumping losses, decreasing in production capacity and pipelines corrosion. Thus, the drag reduction applications have brought a lot of improvement in crude oil transportation and water injection for last few decades. Comprehensive research regarding drag reduction in turbulent pipe flow is important which should focus both experimental and theoretical area. However, information on the usage and reliability of natural polymer DRA are still limited compared to synthetic polymers. To make use of these abundant sources of various organic and natural polymers, their effectiveness in reducing frictional drag in pipeline flow must be put into test before it can be introduced and commercialize to the industrial field. Thus, the objective of this project is to determine the effectiveness of new formulated DRA using natural polymer (Aloe Vera). The 5 different concentrations of Aloe Vera (AV) solutions which are ranging from 800ppm, 900ppm, 1000ppm, 1300ppm, 1500ppm were prepared and pumped in the open flow liquid system of water at the injection point to see the effect on the pressure loss and flow rate. The mixed solution is tested in the 4 meter testing section (1” diameter galvanized pipe) and the pressure reading is observed at two points (P1 and P2) using the pressure gauge. Two pressure gauge is used to monitor the pressure drop obtained along the test section for each concentrations tested. Flow rate of the flow also recorded and compared with each different concentrations of AV solution which will be used to compare the increment of the pipe flow capacity. The drag reduction percentage (DR %) is calculated using the value of pressure loss data obtained in the experiment. The effects of DRA concentration towards the drag reduction and pressure loss were analysed. The result shows that AV solution can increase the drag reduction percentage (%DR) in water flow up to 33% at 1500ppm concentration. The results agree with the theory of DRA polymer reduces the frictional pressure loss in the pipe flow by reducing the degree of turbulence flow, thus increase the transportation flow efficiency

Congestion in acute heart failure trials and registries: a systematic review

Introduction: The term “congestion” is used to describe a broad range of clinical presentations. Congestion is a variably understood and assessed entity. Patients develop a mixture of central (pulmonary) and/or peripheral (non-pulmonary) symptoms of congestion. These are likely to have different pathophysiological mechanisms. The presence of subclinical congestion is an independent risk factor for early re-hospitalisation and morbidity. Novel techniques to assess congestion have been developed, but their clinical role is not yet established. Methods: I performed two systematic reviews of acute heart failure (AHF) trials and registries from Jan 1, 2001 to Dec 31, 2018 on EMBASE and MEDLINE to determine the methods and techniques used to assess and grade congestion. The search terms utilised were “acute heart failure”, “decompensated heart failure” and “hospitalized heart failure”. The minimum enrolment numbers were 180 patients for randomised trials and 2,000 patients for registries. Results: 18 major acute heart failure registries and 21 major trials were analysed. There are no standardised methods for assessing central or peripheral congestion. Acute heart failure trials preferentially recruited patients with pulmonary congestion (manifesting as dyspnoea at rest). In 6 of 8 trials with available data, this was mandatory for 100% of patients. By contrast, for large registry trials this rate ranged from 34 to 73%. Dyspnoea on exertion was a more predominant presentation (61 to 95%). With the exception of a chest X-ray, no trial or registry routinely utilised non-invasive (e.g. lung ultrasound) or invasive (e.g. right heart catheterisation) techniques to objectively and systematically quantify either congestion on recruitment or congestion on discharge. Conclusion: Congestion is variably assessed and defined. Internationally agreed definitions of the presence and severity of congestion are required. These definitions should include conventional symptoms and signs as well as newer methods of assessing congestion. Trials of treatments for central or peripheral congestion may have different inclusion criteria

Open Look

Merupakan karya seni rupa berupa seni gambar, dengan judul Open Look karya dari Faheem Tahir Ahma

Teaching critical thinking in the English language classroom : the case of Palestine

Teaching critical thinking has become a major goal of contemporary education. In spite of this, few studies address the issue of teaching critical thinking in Palestinian educational institution; therefore, this study examines teachers’ perception about teaching critical thinking skills in Palestinian schools. It employs different data collection tools, including a questionnaire, interviews, classroom observations, and the inspection of exams and worksheets. The study reveals that Palestinian schools do not teach critical thinking skills effectively and consistently. It discusses the following factors that impede the teaching of critical thinking: (a) Teachers lack training in critical thinking, (b) The classroom environment does not enhance thinking, (c) Most questions posed to students require recall of information, (d) Pupils are not given enough wait time to answer thoughtful questions, (e) Pupils are not trained to regulate their learning processes.peer-reviewe

Influence of Row Spacing and Frequency of Cuttings on Spinach (\u3cem\u3eSpinacia oleracea\u3c/em\u3e) Production

To study the effect of row spacing and frequency of cuttings on spinach (Spinacia oleracea), an experiment was carried out at the Kitchen Gardening Training Center for Women at 61 JB Dharorh Faisalabad, Pakistan, during 2014. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with factorial arrangements having three replications with a plot size of 3 m × 6 m. This experiment was comprised of two factors, i.e. row spacing (Broadcast, 30 cm apart rows and 45 cm apart rows) and cutting frequency (45 days after sowing and 30 after the first cutting). The result showed that differences in row spacing have non-significant effects on plant height (cm), number of leaves, Fresh Biomass (kg/ha-1) and Dried Biomass (kg/ha-1). The broadcast method of sowing gave the prominent results in all the parameters, such as the maximum plant height of 25.49 (cm), maximum number of leaves at 37.8, maximum fresh biomass of 2252 (kg/ ha-1) and dried biomass of 217.95 (kg/ ha-1). However, the number of cuttings gave significant results for plant height (cm), fresh biomass (kg/ ha-1) and dried biomass (kg/ ha-1). 2nd cuttings showed a maximum plant height of 26.59 (cm), maximum fresh biomass of 2254.67(kg/ ha-1) and dried biomass of 222.6 (kg/ ha-1), but 1st cuttings showed the maximum number of leaves (36.56)

Myths and Realities about Online Forums in Open Source Software Development: An Empirical Study

The use of free and open source software (OSS) is gaining momentum due to the ever increasing availability and use of the Internet. Organizations are also now adopting open source software, despite some reservations, in particular regarding the provision and availability of support. Some of the biggest concerns about free and open source software are post release software defects and their rectification, management of dynamic requirements and support to the users. A common belief is that there is no appropriate support available for this class of software. A contradictory argument is that due to the active involvement of Internet users in online forums, there is in fact a large resource available that communicates and manages the provision of support. The research model of this empirical investigation examines the evidence available to assess whether this commonly held belief is based on facts given the current developments in OSS or simply a myth, which has developed around OSS development. We analyzed a dataset consisting of 1880 open source software projects covering a broad range of categories in this investigation. The results show that online forums play a significant role in managing software defects, implementation of new requirements and providing support to the users in open source software and have become a major source of assistance in maintenance of the open source projects

Drag Reducing Agent for Water System Using Natural Polymer (Aloe Vera)

Research and development of new chemicals to ensure flow assurance of hydrocarbon in turbulent pipe flow has been done throughout the years since the first introduction of Drag Reducing Agent (DRA) by Tom back in 1948. Drag had caused several problems to the flow line such as power pumping losses, decreasing in production capacity and pipelines corrosion. Thus, the drag reduction applications have brought a lot of improvement in crude oil transportation and water injection for last few decades. Comprehensive research regarding drag reduction in turbulent pipe flow is important which should focus both experimental and theoretical area. However, information on the usage and reliability of natural polymer DRA are still limited compared to synthetic polymers. To make use of these abundant sources of various organic and natural polymers, their effectiveness in reducing frictional drag in pipeline flow must be put into test before it can be introduced and commercialize to the industrial field. Thus, the objective of this project is to determine the effectiveness of new formulated DRA using natural polymer (Aloe Vera). The 5 different concentrations of Aloe Vera (AV) solutions which are ranging from 800ppm, 900ppm, 1000ppm, 1300ppm, 1500ppm were prepared and pumped in the open flow liquid system of water at the injection point to see the effect on the pressure loss and flow rate. The mixed solution is tested in the 4 meter testing section (1” diameter galvanized pipe) and the pressure reading is observed at two points (P1 and P2) using the pressure gauge. Two pressure gauge is used to monitor the pressure drop obtained along the test section for each concentrations tested. Flow rate of the flow also recorded and compared with each different concentrations of AV solution which will be used to compare the increment of the pipe flow capacity. The drag reduction percentage (DR %) is calculated using the value of pressure loss data obtained in the experiment. The effects of DRA concentration towards the drag reduction and pressure loss were analysed. The result shows that AV solution can increase the drag reduction percentage (%DR) in water flow up to 33% at 1500ppm concentration. The results agree with the theory of DRA polymer reduces the frictional pressure loss in the pipe flow by reducing the degree of turbulence flow, thus increase the transportation flow efficiency

Multilayer Cyberattacks Identification and Classification Using Machine Learning in Internet of Blockchain (IoBC)-Based Energy Networks

The world's need for energy is rising due to factors like population growth, economic expansion, and technological breakthroughs. However, there are major consequences when gas and coal are burnt to meet this surge in energy needs. Although these fossil fuels are still essential for meeting energy demands, their combustion releases a large amount of carbon dioxide and other pollutants into the atmosphere. This significantly jeopardizes community health in addition to exacerbating climate change, thus it is essential need to move swiftly to incorporate renewable energy sources by employing advanced information and communication technologies. However, this change brings up several security issues emphasizing the need for innovative cyber threats detection and prevention solutions. Consequently, this study presents bigdata sets obtained from the solar and wind powered distributed energy systems through the blockchain-based energy networks in the smart grid (SG). A hybrid machine learning (HML) model that combines both the Deep Learning (DL) and Long-Short-Term-Memory (LSTM) models characteristics is developed and applied to identify the unique patterns of Denial of Service (DoS) and Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) cyberattacks in the power generation, transmission, and distribution processes. The presented big datasets are essential and significantly helps in identifying and classifying cyberattacks, leading to predicting the accurate energy systems behavior in the SG.© 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)fi=vertaisarvioitu|en=peerReviewed