Cellular mechanisms underlying the refinement of retinal projections

Les cellules ganglionnaires de la rétine (CGR) projettent dans le corps genouillé latéral dorsal (CGLd) et le colliculus supérieur (CS). Initialement, les projections établissent des connexions imprécises avec les cibles puis elles se raffinent grâce à des mécanismes activité-dépendant. D’abord, j’ai cherché à déterminer la contribution de la libération synaptique dans le raffinement des cartes visuelles en utilisant un modèle où Rim 1 et 2, protéines essentielles à la libération synaptique calcium-dépendante, sont délétées dans les CGRs. J’ai montré que la libération synaptique était nécessaire à la ségrégation œil spécifique dans le CGLd mais pas dans le CS, qu’elle était impliquée dans le raffinement de la topographie de la projection ipsilatérale mais qu’elle n’était pas impliquée dans la rétinotopie des projections controlatérales dans le CS. Ensuite, j’ai cherché à identifier un microdomaine de signalisation AMPc au niveau des cônes de croissance impliqué dans le raffinement des projections rétiniennes. La compartimentation spatiale des signaux AMPc pourrait expliquer qu’ils soient capables de réguler des voies de signalisation distinctes de façon spécifique. J’ai montré que la perturbation des signaux AMPc dans les radeaux lipidiques entraine des défauts de raffinement des projections dans le CS tandis que leur perturbation à la membrane mais en dehors des radeaux lipidiques n’entraine pas de défauts. J’ai aussi montré que la perturbation de la signalisation AMPc dans une petite fraction de CGRs d’un œil suffit à perturber largement la carte œil spécifique, suggérant une coopération entre les projections nécessaire à leur raffinement.Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) project to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) and to the superior colliculus (SC). Initially, retinal projections establish imprecise connections with the target cells then refine through activity-dependent mechanisms.First, I studied the role of synaptic release in the visual maps refinement, using a mouse model where Rim 1 and 2, which are proteins important for calcium-dependent synaptic release, are deleted in the RGCs. I found that synaptic release is important for eye specific segregation in the dLGN but not in the SC, that it is involved in the refinement of the ipsilateral projection topography but that it is not involved in the contralateral projection retinotopy in the SC.Second, I identified a microdomain of cAMP signaling in growth cones involved in the refinement of retinal projections. The spatial compartmentation of cAMP signals could explain the fact that cAMP signals are able to regulate specifically different signaling pathways. I found that cAMP signals perturbation within the lipid rafts of the RGCs induces defects in the refinement of retinal projections in the SC while their perturbation at the membrane level but outside the lipid rafts does not induce defects.I also showed that cAMP signaling perturbation only in a fraction of RGCs in one eye is sufficient to extensively disturb the eye specific map, suggesting that a cooperation between the projections is necessary for their refinement

Mécanismes cellulaires sous-tendant le raffinement des projections rétiniennes

Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) project to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) and to the superior colliculus (SC). Initially, retinal projections establish imprecise connections with the target cells then refine through activity-dependent mechanisms.First, I studied the role of synaptic release in the visual maps refinement, using a mouse model where Rim 1 and 2, which are proteins important for calcium-dependent synaptic release, are deleted in the RGCs. I found that synaptic release is important for eye specific segregation in the dLGN but not in the SC, that it is involved in the refinement of the ipsilateral projection topography but that it is not involved in the contralateral projection retinotopy in the SC.Second, I identified a microdomain of cAMP signaling in growth cones involved in the refinement of retinal projections. The spatial compartmentation of cAMP signals could explain the fact that cAMP signals are able to regulate specifically different signaling pathways. I found that cAMP signals perturbation within the lipid rafts of the RGCs induces defects in the refinement of retinal projections in the SC while their perturbation at the membrane level but outside the lipid rafts does not induce defects.I also showed that cAMP signaling perturbation only in a fraction of RGCs in one eye is sufficient to extensively disturb the eye specific map, suggesting that a cooperation between the projections is necessary for their refinement.Les cellules ganglionnaires de la rétine (CGR) projettent dans le corps genouillé latéral dorsal (CGLd) et le colliculus supérieur (CS). Initialement, les projections établissent des connexions imprécises avec les cibles puis elles se raffinent grâce à des mécanismes activité-dépendant. D’abord, j’ai cherché à déterminer la contribution de la libération synaptique dans le raffinement des cartes visuelles en utilisant un modèle où Rim 1 et 2, protéines essentielles à la libération synaptique calcium-dépendante, sont délétées dans les CGRs. J’ai montré que la libération synaptique était nécessaire à la ségrégation œil spécifique dans le CGLd mais pas dans le CS, qu’elle était impliquée dans le raffinement de la topographie de la projection ipsilatérale mais qu’elle n’était pas impliquée dans la rétinotopie des projections controlatérales dans le CS. Ensuite, j’ai cherché à identifier un microdomaine de signalisation AMPc au niveau des cônes de croissance impliqué dans le raffinement des projections rétiniennes. La compartimentation spatiale des signaux AMPc pourrait expliquer qu’ils soient capables de réguler des voies de signalisation distinctes de façon spécifique. J’ai montré que la perturbation des signaux AMPc dans les radeaux lipidiques entraine des défauts de raffinement des projections dans le CS tandis que leur perturbation à la membrane mais en dehors des radeaux lipidiques n’entraine pas de défauts. J’ai aussi montré que la perturbation de la signalisation AMPc dans une petite fraction de CGRs d’un œil suffit à perturber largement la carte œil spécifique, suggérant une coopération entre les projections nécessaire à leur raffinement

Targeted in utero electroporation of the ventro-temporal mouse retina

Summary: Techniques enabling DNA delivery into mouse retinal cells using in utero electroporation are available. However, these techniques target the central retina and do not enable the electroporation of the ventro-temporal retina where ipsilateral retinal ganglion cells are located. Here, we describe a protocol to specifically electroporate the ventro-temporal retina, a critical approach to manipulate ipsilaterally projecting retinal ganglion cells and contralaterally projecting neurons located in the same region of the retina. The procedure is adaptable to target other retinal quadrants.For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Louail et al. (2020)

RIM1/2 in retinal ganglion cells are required for the refinement of ipsilateral axons and eye-specific segregation

International audienceNeural activity is crucial for the refinement of neuronal connections during development, but the contribution of synaptic release mechanisms is not known. In the mammalian retina, spontaneous neural activity controls the refinement of retinal projections to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) and the superior colliculus (SC) to form appropriate topographic and eye-specific maps. To evaluate the role of synaptic release, the rab-interacting molecules (RIMs), a family of active zone proteins that play a central role in calcium-triggered release, were conditionally ablated in a subset of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). We found that this deletion is sufficient to reduce presynaptic release probability onto dLGN neurons. Furthermore, eye-specific segregation in the dLGN and topographic refinement of ipsilateral axons in the SC and the dLGN, are impaired in RIM1/2 conditional knock-out (Rim-cDKO) mice. These defects are similar to those found when retinal activity is globally disturbed. However, reduction in synaptic release had no effect on eye-specific lamination in the SC nor on the retinotopic refinement of contralateral axons in the SC. This study highlights a potential distinction between synaptic and non-synaptic roles of neuronal activity for different mapping rules operating in visual system development

A plasma membrane microdomain compartmentalizes ephrin-generated cAMP signals to prune developing retinal axon arbors

International audienceThe development of neuronal circuits is controlled by guidance molecules that are hypothesized to interact with the cholesterol-enriched domains of the plasma membrane termed lipid rafts. Whether such domains enable local intracellular signalling at the submicrometre scale in developing neurons and are required for shaping the nervous system connectivity in vivo remains controversial. Here, we report a role for lipid rafts in generating domains of local cAMP signalling in axonal growth cones downstream of ephrin-A repulsive guidance cues. Ephrin-A-dependent retraction of retinal ganglion cell axons involves cAMP signalling restricted to the vicinity of lipid rafts and is independent of cAMP modulation outside of this microdomain. cAMP modulation near lipid rafts controls the pruning of ectopic axonal branches of retinal ganglion cells in vivo, a process requiring intact ephrin-A signalling. Together, our findings indicate that lipid rafts structure the subcellular organization of intracellular cAMP signalling shaping axonal arbors during the nervous system development

MEF2C Hypofunction in GABAergic Cells Alters Sociability and Prefrontal Cortex Inhibitory Synaptic Transmission in a Sex-Dependent Manner

Background: Heterozygous mutations or deletions of MEF2C cause a neurodevelopmental disorder termed MEF2C haploinsufficiency syndrome (MCHS), characterized by autism spectrum disorder and neurological symptoms. In mice, global Mef2c heterozygosity has produced multiple MCHS-like phenotypes. MEF2C is highly expressed in multiple cell types of the developing brain, including GABAergic (gamma-aminobutyric acidergic) inhibitory neurons, but the influence of MEF2C hypofunction in GABAergic neurons on MCHS-like phenotypes remains unclear. Methods: We employed GABAergic cell type–specific manipulations to study mouse Mef2c heterozygosity in a battery of MCHS-like behaviors. We also performed electroencephalography, single-cell transcriptomics, and patch-clamp electrophysiology and optogenetics to assess the impact of Mef2c haploinsufficiency on gene expression and prefrontal cortex microcircuits. Results: Mef2c heterozygosity in developing GABAergic cells produced female-specific deficits in social preference and altered approach-avoidance behavior. In female, but not male, mice, we observed that Mef2c heterozygosity in developing GABAergic cells produced 1) differentially expressed genes in multiple cell types, including parvalbumin-expressing GABAergic neurons, 2) baseline and social-related frontocortical network activity alterations, and 3) reductions in parvalbumin cell intrinsic excitability and inhibitory synaptic transmission onto deep-layer pyramidal neurons. Conclusions: MEF2C hypofunction in female, but not male, developing GABAergic cells is important for typical sociability and approach-avoidance behaviors and normal parvalbumin inhibitory neuron function in the prefrontal cortex of mice. While there is no apparent sex bias in autism spectrum disorder symptoms of MCHS, our findings suggest that GABAergic cell-specific dysfunction in females with MCHS may contribute disproportionately to sociability symptoms