16 research outputs found
Quantization of bosonic fields with two mass and spin states
We investigate bosonic fields possessing two mass and spin states. The
density matrix in the first order formalism is obtained. The quantization of
fields in the first order formulation is performed and propagators are found.Comment: 9 page
Kalb-Ramond fields in the Petiau-Duffin-Kemmer formalism and scale invariance
Kalb-Ramond equations for massive and massless particles are considered in
the framework of the Petiau-Duffin-Kemmer formalism. We obtain
matrices of the relativistic wave equation of the first-order and solutions in
the form of density matrix. The canonical and Belinfante energy-momentum
tensors are found. We investigate the scale invariance and obtain the conserved
dilatation current. It was demonstrated that the conformal symmetry is broken
even for massless fields.Comment: 9 pages, no figure
Analisis Koordinasi dan Setting Over Current Relay (Ocr) pada Pemakaian Daya Sendiri Pltu SMS Energy Menggunakan Software Etap 12.6.0
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui besaran settingan OCR Motor Pump, Grading Time OCR Motor Pump, koordinasi OCR Motor Pump dan OCR auxiliary pada PLTU SMS Energi di kawasan industri Bolok. Penelitian diawali dengan mengumpulkan data kelistrikan PLTU SMS Energy berupa data sekunder. Data-data tersebut digunakan untuk membuat single line diagram, simulasi dan analisis menggunakan ETAP 12.6.0. Hasil Penelitian mendapatkan Settingan OCR dengan parameter nilai arus hubung singkat sebagai berikut. Setting Rele Bus 1 FCP dengan Ip = 3 A dan TMS = 0,1 s, Setting Rele Bus Auxiliary I dengan Ip = 2 A dan TMS = 0,21 s, Setting Rele Bus OutGoing 1 dengan Ip = 0,6666 A dan TMS = 0,30 s dan Setting Rele Bus G1 dengan Ip = 1 A dan TMS = 0,45 s. TMS OCR pada motor Pump disetting lebih cepat karena letak OCR paling hilir dengan ganguan hubung singkat lebih kecil. Dari koordinasi kurva didapatkan Grading Time yang sudah sesuai dengan standar IEEE 242-yakni 0.2 – 0.4 detik.
Kata Kunci: Over Current Relay, Koordinasi OCR, Grading time, Settingan OCR, ETAP 12.6.
ANALISIS KOORDINASI DAN SETTING OVER CURRENT RELAY (OCR) PADA PEMAKAIAN DAYA SENDIRI PLTU SMS ENERGY MENGGUNAKAN SOFTWARE ETAP 12.6.0
ABSTRACT
The research aims to determine the size of the OCR Motor Pump, Grading Time OCR Motor Pump, coordination Motor Pump OCR and auxiliary OCR on PLTU SMS Energy in the Bolok industrial area. Research started by collecting electricity data PLTU SMS Energy in the form of secondary data. These data are used to create single line diagrams, simulations and analysis using ETAP 12.6.0. The results of the research get an OCR Setting with the following short-circuiting value parameters. Setting relay Bus 1 FCP with Ip = 3 A and TMS = 0.1 s, setting relay Auxiliary bus I with IP = 2 A and TMS = 0.21 s, setting relay bus OutGoing 1 with IP = 0.6666 A and TMS = 0.30 s and setting relay bus G1 with IP = 1 A and TMS = 0.45 S. TMS OCR on Pump motor is plotted faster due to the most downstream OCR location with smaller short-circuited tension. From the coordinating curve of Grading Time obtained that has been in accordance with IEEE Standard 242-namely 0.2 – 0.4 seconds.
Keywords: Over Current Relay, OCR Coordination, Grading time, OCR setting, ETAP 12.6.0
ABSTRAK
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui besaran settingan OCR Motor Pump, Grading Time OCR Motor Pump, koordinasi OCR Motor Pump dan OCR auxiliary pada PLTU SMS Energi di kawasan industri Bolok. Penelitian diawali dengan mengumpulkan data kelistrikan PLTU SMS Energy berupa data sekunder. Data-data tersebut digunakan untuk membuat single line diagram, simulasi dan analisis menggunakan ETAP 12.6.0. Hasil Penelitian mendapatkan Settingan OCR dengan parameter nilai arus hubung singkat sebagai berikut. Setting Rele Bus 1 FCP dengan Ip = 3 A dan TMS = 0,1 s, Setting Rele Bus Auxiliary I dengan Ip = 2 A dan TMS = 0,21 s, Setting Rele Bus OutGoing 1 dengan Ip = 0,6666 A dan TMS = 0,30 s dan Setting Rele Bus G1 dengan Ip = 1 A dan TMS = 0,45 s. TMS OCR pada motor Pump disetting lebih cepat karena letak OCR paling hilir dengan ganguan hubung singkat lebih kecil. Dari koordinasi kurva didapatkan Grading Time yang sudah sesuai dengan standar IEEE 242-yakni 0.2 – 0.4 detik.
Kata Kunci: Over Current Relay, Koordinasi OCR, Grading time, Settingan OCR, ETAP 12.6.
"Square Root" of the Proca Equation: Spin-3/2 Field Equation
New equations describing particles with spin 3/2 are derived. The non-local
equation with the unique mass can be considered as "square root" of the Proca
equation in the same sense as the Dirac equation is related to the
Klein-Gordon-Fock equation. The local equation describes spin 3/2 particles
with three mass states. The equations considered involve fields with spin-3/2
and spin-1/2, i.e. multi-spin 1/2, 3/2. The projection operators extracting
states with definite energy, spin, and spin projections are obtained. All
independent solutions of the local equation are expressed through projection
matrices. The first order relativistic wave equation in the 20-dimensional
matrix form, the relativistically invariant bilinear form and the corresponding
Lagrangian are given. Two parameters characterizing non-minimal electromagnetic
interactions of fermions are introduced, and the quantum-mechanical Hamiltonian
is found. It is proved that there is only causal propagation of waves in the
approach considered.Comment: 17 pages, corrections in Eqs. (50), (51
Angular and energy dependence of cross sections for orbital 1 excitations
The main features of the cross sections of low-lying orbital
excitations with in heavy deformed nuclei are studied in RPA on
the example of Gd. The dependence of the DWBA E2 and M1 cross sections
on the scattering angle and incident
electron energy MeV is analyzed in PWBA. The cross section is
larger for M1 than for E2 transitions at any angle if MeV. The
longitudinal (Coulomb) C2 excitation dominates the E2 response for . Only transverse M1 and E2 excitations compete for
and the former one is dominant for fm.
The M1 response is almost purely orbital up to fm even in
backward scattering. Qualitative PWBA estimates based on the -dependence of
the form factors alone are not able to predict some important features of the
cross sections stemming from the strong magnetic and orbital
character of the studied 1 excitations. The expectation for M1 over E2
dominance in backward scattering should not be extended to higher momentum
transfers and incident energies.Comment: Latex, 28 pages, 12 postscript figures included using uufile
Field theory of massive and massless vector particles in the Duffin - Kemmer - Petiau formalism
Field theory of massive and massless vector particles is considered in the
first-order formalism. The Hamiltonian form of equations is obtained after the
exclusion of non-dynamical components. We obtain the canonical and symmetrical
Belinfante energy-momentum tensors and their nonzero traces. We note that the
dilatation symmetry is broken in the massive case but in the massless case the
modified dilatation current is conserved. The canonical quantization is
performed and the propagator of the massive fields is found in the Duffin -
Kemmer - Petiau formalism.Comment: 20 pages, typos corrected, a reference added, journal version,
accepted in Int.J.Mod.Phys.
Note on Dirac--K\"ahler massless fields
We obtain the canonical and symmetrical Belinfante energy-momentum tensors of
Dirac--K\"{a}hler's fields. It is shown that the traces of the energy-momentum
tensors are not equal to zero. We find the canonical and Belinfante dilatation
currents which are not conserved, but a new conserved dilatation current is
obtained. It is pointed out that the conformal symmetry is broken. The
canonical quantization is performed and the propagator of the massless fields
in the first-order formalism is found.Comment: 16 pages, minor corrections in the text, published versio
On superluminal fermions within the second derivative equation
We postulate the second-order derivative equation with four parameters for
spin-1/2 fermions possessing two mass states. For some choice of parameters
fermions propagate with the superluminal speed. Thus, the novel tachyonic
equation is suggested. The relativistic 20-component first-order wave equation
is formulated and projection operators extracting states with definite energy
and spin projections are obtained. The Lagrangian formulation of the
first-order equation is presented and the electric current and energy-momentum
tensor are found. The minimal and non-minimal electromagnetic interactions of
fermions are considered and Schr\"{o}dinger's form of the equation and the
quantum-mechanical Hamiltonian are obtained. The canonical quantization of the
field in the first-order formalism is performed and we find the vacuum
expectation of chronological pairing of operators.Comment: 21 pages, minor corrections, journal version, accepted in IJMP