Middle Miocene (Serravallian) rhodoliths and coralline algal debris in carbonate ramps (Betic Cordillera, S Spain)

Serravallian (middle Miocene) coralline algal assemblages at the southern margin of the Guadalquivir Basin (southern Spain) occur as rhodoliths preserved in situ or very close to their growth habitats (autochthonous–parautochthonous assemblages) and also as reworked remains (allochthonous assemblages). The former assemblages consist of spherical rhodoliths built up by encrusting to warty plants and also of large fragments of branches, whereas the latter are mostly unrecognizable small fragments occurring in channeled packstone–grainstone beds. In both cases, the most abundant components are members of the order Hapalidiales (Mesophyllum roveretoi, Mesophyllum sp., Lithothamnion ramosissimum, and less frequently Phymatolithon group calcareum and Lithothamnion group corallioides). Laminar growths of Lithoporella minus and branches of Spongites group fruticulosus and Sporolithon sp. occur very rarely. There are also anecdotal records of Subterraniphyllum thomasii, extending its upper stratigraphic range up to the Serravallian in the western Tethys. The autochthonous–parautochthonous coralline algal assemblages formed in a middle ramp, at several tens of meters of water depth, as suggested by the dominance of Hapalidiales. The allochthonous assemblages represent fragments of coralline algae derived from the middle ramp and redeposited in deeper settings, most likely the outer ramp, due to storm-generated currents.Instituto de Salud Carlos III Spanish Government PGC2018-099391-B-100Junta de Andalucia RNM-19

Trough cross-bedded rhodolith limestones in the Atlantic-linked Ronda Basin (Messinian, Southern Spain)

Rhodolith limestones occur in the upper part of the Miocene infill of the Ronda Basin in southern Spain. This basin was an embayment at the southern margin of the Atlantic-linked Guadalquivir Basin, the foreland basin of the Betic Cordillera. Messinian rhodolith limestones crop out in the mesa of the Roman settlement Acinipo. They mostly consist of trough cross-bedded rhodolith rudstones, which change basinward to large-scale planar cross-bedded rhodolith rudstones, which in turn pass laterally to planar cross-bedded and flatbedded bryozoan rudstones. Rhodoliths in rudstones are generally broken, exhibiting several phases of breakage and restarted growth of coralline algae. Many rhodoliths also show asymmetrical growth. The rudstone matrix is a packstone with fragments of coralline algae, bryozoans, calcitic bivalves, echinoids, and foraminifers. Large lithoclasts from the basement, heavily bored by bivalves, are common in the rhodolith rudstone, especially in the most massive type. Rhodolith characteristics and sedimentary structures suggest that trough cross-bedded rhodolith rudstones accumulated in submarine dunes moved by storm surges in a littoral wedge at the western side of a small bay (the Ruinas de Acinipo bay) in the Ronda Basin. Large-scale planar cross-bedded coralline algal and bryozoan rudstones formed in the foresets of the wedge progradation below the storm-wave base. The dominance of Lithophyllaceae and Hapalidiales, with scarce representatives of Corallinaceae in the coralline algal assemblages, reflects that Ronda and Guadalquivir basins opened to the Atlantic Ocean.Spanish Government PGC 2018-099391-B-I0

Coralline Algae at the Paleocene/Eocene Thermal Maximum in the Southern Pyrenees (N Spain)

During the Paleocene/Eocene Thermal Maximum, ~55.6 Ma, the Earth experienced the warmest event of the last 66Ma due to amassive release of CO2. This event lasted for ~100 thousands of years with the consequent ocean acidification (estimated pH = 7.8-7.6). In this paper, we analyze the effects of this global environmental shift on coralline algal assemblages in the Campo and Serraduy sections, in the south-central Pyrenees (Huesca, N Spain), where the PETM is recorded within coastal-to-shallow marine carbonate and siliciclastic deposits. In both sections, coralline algae occur mostly as fragments, although rhodoliths and crusts coating other organisms are also frequent. Rhodoliths occur either dispersed or locally forming dense concentrations (rhodolith beds). Distichoplax biserialis and geniculate forms (mostly Jania nummulitica) of the order Corallinales dominated the algal assemblages followed by Sporolithales and Hapalidiales. Other representatives of Corallinales, namely Spongites, Lithoporella as well as Neogoniolithon, Karpathia, and Hydrolithon, are less abundant. Species composition does not change throughout the Paleocene/Eocene boundary but the relative abundance of coralline algae as components of the carbonate sediments underwent a reduction. They were abundant during the late Thanetian but became rare during the early Ypresian. This abundance decrease is due to a drastic change in the local paleoenvironmental conditions immediately after the boundary. A hardground at the top of the Thanetian carbonates was followed by continental sedimentation. After that,marine sedimentation resumed in shallow, very restricted lagoon and peritidal settings, where muddy carbonates rich in benthic foraminifera, e.g., milioliids (with abundant Alveolina) and soritids, and eventually stromatolites were deposited. These initial restricted conditions were unfavorable for coralline algae. Adverse conditions continued to the end of the study sections although coralline algae reappeared and were locally frequent in some beds, where they occurred associated with corals. In Serraduy, the marine reflooding was also accompanied by significant terrigenous supply, precluding algal development. Therefore, the observed changes in coralline algal assemblages during the PETM in the Pyrenees were most likely related to local paleoenvironmental shifts rather than to global oceanic or atmospheric alterations.Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacioon PGC2018-099391-B-100Junta de Andalucia RNM-190Basque Government Research Programme PGC2018-099391-B-100 IT930-1

Fossil assemblages and biostratigraphy of metamorphic rocks of the Nevado-Filábride Complex from the Águilas tectonic arc (SE Spain)

Abundant marine macrofossils are present in graphitic marbles and calc-silicate schists belonging to the Veleta nappe of the Nevado-Filábrides Complex (Internal Zones o the Betic Cordillera, SE Spain), in whet is called the Águilas tectonic arc. These fossil assemblages are dominated by crinoids, followed by minir cephalopods, brachipods, rugose corals, and putative sections of trilobites. In addition to these confidently identified groups, there are other sossil represented, but deformation and extensive recrystallization have destroyed anatomical characterers, hampering their taxonomic identification. Among the crinoids, the columnal parataxa Pentagonopentagonalis (col.) and Bystrowicrinus (col.) have been recognized. Planispiral cephalopods, assigned to either primitive ammonoids attributable to the order Agoniatitid (one of them being a possible member of the family Mimosphinatidae, or coiled nautilids, as well as orthoconid sections of possible orthoceratids of bactritids are present. Finally, there are rugose corals attributable to the family Phillipsastreidae, possibly Peeckiell. Among the remains with obscure taxonomic assignment, we recognize possible laminar calcareous algae and benthic foraminifers. Tinally, irregular, massive structures showing a rough laminar organization and longitudinal tubes with rounded sectiona are found in some black marble beds. These can be identified either as possible chaetetids or bryozoans. The report of these taxa has limited the rocks studied to the Emsian, late Early Devonian

Tectonic control on the palaeogeographic evolution of thrust-top basins at the active margin of the Guadalquivir Basin (central Betic Cordillera, S Spain)

The Guadalquivir Basin is the foreland basin of the Betic Cordillera (S Spain). Closest to the orogen, several thrust-top basins evolved during the Late Miocene in the central part of the cordillera. Here, we study the Upper Miocene deposits in five of these satellite basins: Montefrío, Iznájar-Cuevas de San Marcos, Antequera, Bobadilla Estación and Teba, in order to (1) update the stratigraphic framework, (2) infer a depositional model, (3) establish the relationship between sedimentary record and tectonic context and (4) reconstruct the palaeogeography of the area during the Late Miocene. Upper Miocene sediments mostly consist of mixed carbonate-terrigenous deposits. Facies characterization allows inferring a sedimentary model corresponding to a ramp with foreshore deposits changing to a shoal belt offshore in the inner ramp. Swaley and hummocky cross-stratified deposits formed in the transition to the middle ramp, and plane parallel carbonate beds in the distal middle-outer ramp. Factory facies, dominated by rhodoliths and bryozoans, also occur in the middle-outer ramp environments. Silts and marls formed in the deepest outer ramp and basin settings respectively. Breccias accumulated at the toe of palaeocliffs and conglomerates and massive coarse sands were deposited in fluvio-deltaic systems. Conglomerates and sands were also reworked as gravity flows and redeposited offshore. Local facies include rudstones-grainstones displaying large-scale trough-cross bedding formed in a strait in Montefrío, and marls with chalky carbonates deposited in a shallow marine, sheltered lagoon with hydromorphic soils in Bobadilla Estación. The study basins evolved in an N-S compressive tectonic context responsible of the emersion of the main Betic reliefs. Concomitantly, E-W and ESE-WNW extension originated the main depocentres. The influence of the tectonic activity on the sedimentary infills is indicated by the presence of synsedimentary deformations and several diachronic unconformities, which are younger westward. Tectonism, in turn, also controlled the palaeogeographic evolution during the late Tortonian-early Messinian interval.Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades/Agencia Estatal de Investigación (MCIN/AEI), Grant/Award Number: PID2022-142806NB-100 and PGC2018-099391-B-100ERDFJunta de Andalucía, Grant/Award Number: RMN19

Los estrechos Miocenos Atlántico-Mediterráneos de la Cordillera Bética (S de España)

The link between the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean through the Betic Cordillera (southern Spain) was reduced to a few seaways in the Miocene as the mountain belt uplifted during the Alpine orogeny. The North-Betic Strait, located in the Prebetic Zone, was the first one to close in the early Late-Miocene. During the Tortonian, there were connections through the Granada-Guadalquivir basins (Zagra Strait) and the Guadix-Guadalquivir basins (Dehesas de Guadix Strait). Only one corridor, the Guadalhorce Strait, existed in the early Messinian through the Guadalquivir and Málaga basins. The closing of the youngest straits (Dehesas de Guadix and Guadalhorce Straits) brought about profound paleoceanographic changes, leading to an increase of Mediterranean restriction and watermass stratification. All these straits were several kilometers wide, and a few tens to c. 100 m deep. Strait deposits (up to 400 m thick) consist of siliciclastics and siliciclastics-carbonates. Giant dunes (up to 30 m high and 800 m long), exhibiting internal giant cross-bedding, are characteristic features. In the North-Betic and Zagra straits the dunes were moved by tides and in the Dehesas de Guadix and Guadalhorce straits by bottom density currents flowing from the Mediterranean towards the Atlantic.Las conexiones Atlántico-Mediterráneo, en el Mioceno, a través de la Cordillera Bética (S de España), fueron progresivamente reduciéndose a unos pocos estrechos conforme ésta fue levantando durante la Orogenia Alpina. El Estrecho Norbético, localizado en la Zona Prebética (parte más externa de la Cordillera Bética) fue el primero en cerrarse en el Tortoniense inferior. A lo largo del Tortoniense las conexiones fueron a través de las cuencas de Granada y del Guadalquivir (Estrecho de Zagra) y de las de Guadix y del Guadalquivir (Estrecho de Dehesas de Guadix). El último estrecho en desarrollarse, en el Messiniense inferior, fue el del Guadalhorce. La conexión Atlántico-Mediterránea fue, en este caso, a través de las cuencas de Málaga y la del Guadalquivir. El cierre de los estrechos más modernos (Dehesas de Guadix y Guadalhorce) indujo cambios paleoceanográficos profundos en el Mediterráneo, con aumento significativo de su nivel de restricción y de estratificación de sus aguas. Estos estrechos tenían unos pocos kilómetros de anchura y profundidades entre unas pocas decenas de metros y algo más de 100 m. Los sedimentos de los estrechos son siliciclásticos y mezclas de siliciclásticos y carbonatos bioclásticos, con potencias de hasta 400 m. La presencia de dunas gigantes es una característica distintiva, omnipresente en estos antiguos estrechos. Las mayores dunas preservadas alcanzan los 30 m de altura, se extienden lateralmente unos 800 m y muestran, internamente, dispositivos de capas cruzadas, con hasta 15° de buzamiento. En el Estrecho Norbético y el de Zagra la estratificación cruzada de gran escala se generó como resultado de la migración de grandes dunas movidas por las mareas. En los Estrechos de Dehesas de Guadix y del Guadalhorce la estratificación cruzada de gran escala es unidireccional. En estos dos últimos casos, las responsables del desplazamiento de las dunas fueron las corrientes de fondo mediterráneas, más salinas y de más alta densidad, en su salida hacia el Atlántico.This paper has been supported by the research project CGL2010-20857 (Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación of Spain)

Miocene Atlantic-Mediterranean Betic Straits (Southern Spain)

Publicado en: Martín, J.M.; Puga-Bernabéu, A.; Aguirre, J.; Braga, J.C. Miocene Atlantic-Mediterranean seaways in the Betic Cordillera (Southern Spain). Revista de la Sociedad Geológica de España, 27(1): 175-186 (2014). [http://www.sociedadgeologica.es/archivos/REV/27(1)/art11_175-186%20RSGE27_1.pdf]The link between the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean through the Betic Cordillera (southern Spain) was reduced to a few seaways in the Miocene as the mountain belt uplifted during the Alpine orogeny. The North-Betic Strait, located in the Prebetic Zone, was the first one to close in the early Late-Miocene. During the Tortonian, there were connections through the Granada-Guadalquivir basins (Zagra Strait) and the Guadix-Guadalquivir basins (Dehesas de Guadix Strait). Only one corridor, the Guadalhorce Strait, existed in the early Messinian through the Guadalquivir and Málaga basins. The closing of the youngest straits (Dehesas de Guadix and Guadalhorce Straits) brought about profound paleoceanographic changes, leading to an increase of Mediterranean restriction and watermass stratification. All these straits were several kilometers wide, and a few tens to c. 100 m deep. Strait deposits (up to 400 m thick) consist of siliciclastics and siliciclastics-carbonates. Giant dunes (up to 30 m high and 800 m long), exhibiting internal giant cross-bedding, are characteristic features. In the North-Betic and Zagra straits the dunes were moved by tides and in the Dehesas de Guadix and Guadalhorce straits by bottom density currents flowing from the Mediterranean towards the Atlantic.Las conexiones Atlántico-Mediterráneo, en el Mioceno, a través de la Cordillera Bética (S de España), fueron progresivamente reduciéndose a unos pocos estrechos conforme ésta fue levantando durante la Orogenia Alpina. El Estrecho Norbético, localizado en la Zona Prebética (parte más externa de la Cordillera Bética) fue el primero en cerrarse en el Tortoniense inferior. A lo largo del Tortoniense las conexiones fueron a través de las cuencas de Granada y del Guadalquivir (Estrecho de Zagra) y de las de Guadix y del Guadalquivir (Estrecho de Dehesas de Guadix). El último estrecho en desarrollarse, en el Messiniense inferior, fue el del Guadalhorce. La conexión Atlántico-Mediterránea fue, en este caso, a través de las cuencas de Málaga y la del Guadalquivir. El cierre de los estrechos más modernos (Dehesas de Guadix y Guadalhorce) indujo cambios paleoceanográficos profundos en el Mediterráneo, con aumento significativo de su nivel de restricción y de estratificación de sus aguas. Estos estrechos tenían unos pocos kilómetros de anchura y profundidades entre unas pocas decenas de metros y algo más de 100 m. Los sedimentos de los estrechos son siliciclásticos y mezclas de siliciclásticos y carbonatos bioclásticos, con potencias de hasta 400 m. La presencia de dunas gigantes es una característica distintiva, omnipresente en estos antiguos estrechos. Las mayores dunas preservadas alcanzan los 30 m de altura, se extienden lateralmente unos 800 m y muestran, internamente, dispositivos de capas cruzadas, con hasta 15° de buzamiento. En el Estrecho Norbético y el de Zagra la estratificación cruzada de gran escala se generó como resultado de la migración de grandes dunas movidas por las mareas. En los Estrechos de Dehesas de Guadix y del Guadalhorce la estratificación cruzada de gran escala es unidireccional. En estos dos últimos casos, las responsables del desplazamiento de las dunas fueron las corrientes de fondo mediterráneas, más salinas y de más alta densidad, en su salida hacia el Atlántico

Temperate and tropical shelf-carbonate sedimentation in the western Mediterranean during the Neogene: Climatic and palaeoceanographic implications

Publicado en: Martín, J.M.; Braga, J.C.; Sánchez-Almazo, I.M.; Aguirre, J. (2010). Temperate and tropical carbonate-sedimentation episodes in the Neogene Betic basins (southern Spain) linked to climatic oscillations and changes in Atlantic-Mediterranean connections: constraints from isotopic data. In: M. Mutti, W. Piller, C. Betzler (eds.). Carbonate systems during the Oligocene-Miocene climatic transition. Int. Assoc. Sedimentol. Spec. Publ., 42: 49-70.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118398364.ch4]Temperate) and tropical shelf-carbonate deposits alternate in the Upper Miocene–Lower Pliocene record of the Betic, Mediterranean-linked basins. Temperate carbonates appear in the early Late-Tortonian, latest Tortonian–earliest Messinian, and in the Zanclean. Tropical carbonates occur in the earliest Tortonian, Late Tortonian, and in the Messinian. Temperate carbonates consist of bioclastic limestones with abundant bryozoan, coralline algal and bivalve remains. Hermatypic corals and calcareous green algae (Halimeda) are the main components in the tropical carbonates. Fossil assemblages and stable isotope analyses suggest that sea-surface water-temperature variations controlled the types of carbonates formed. During the Late Miocene, temperate carbonates accumulated on ramps in cold periods, during sea-level lowstands of third-order eustatic cycles, while tropical carbonates formed on shelves in warm periods, during rising and high sea levels. In the Early Pliocene, the closure of the Rifian Straits and the opening of the Gibraltar Straits induced the flowing of temperate surface waters into the Mediterranean Sea from a more northern, cooler Atlantic source area. This new situation caused the disappearance of coral reefs in the Mediterranean Pliocene, and favoured the development of temperate carbonates on shelves. This regional cooling is in contrast to the subtle global warming recorded in the open oceans during the Early Pliocene.En el registro estratigráfico del Mioceno superior-Plioceno inferior de las cuencas Béticas Mediterráneas aparecen alternando depósitos de carbonatos de plataforma templados y tropicales. Los episodios de carbonatos templados se localizan al inicio del Tortoniense superior, en el Tortoniense terminal-Messiniense inicial y en el Zanclean. Los tropicales al inicio del Tortoniense, en el Tortoniense superior y en el Messiniense. Los carbonatos templados corresponden a calizas bioclásticas con abundantes restos de briozoos, algas rojas y bivalvos. Corales hermatípicos y algas verdes calcáreas (Halimeda) son los componentes más abundantes y significativos de los carbonatos tropicales. Las asociaciones fosilíferas y los análisis de isótopos estables sugieren que las variaciones en la temperatura superficial del agua del mar controlaron el tipo de carbonato formado. En el Mioceno superior, los carbonatos templados se acumularon en rampas en momentos fríos, coetáneos con las fases de bajo nivel de mar de los ciclos de tercer orden, mientras que los tropicales se depositaron en las plataformas en períodos más cálidos, coincidiendo con las fases de ascenso y de alto nivel del mar de los ciclos de tercer orden. El cierre de los Estrechos Rifeños y la apertura del Estrecho de Gibraltar en el Plioceno Inferior favoreció el flujo de aguas más frías superficiales desde el Atlántico y trajo como consecuencia la desaparición de los arrecifes de coral en el Mediterráneo y el desarrollo de carbonatos templados en las plataformas. Este episodio de enfriamiento, de carácter regional y limitado al área Mediterránea, contrasta con el sutil calentamiento global que se registra en el resto de los océanos en el Plioceno Inferior

Factores de riesgo de mortalidad por COVID-19 en pacientes hospitalizados: Un modelo de regresión logística: Risk Factors for Mortality from COVID-19 in Hospitalized Patients: A Logistic Regression Model

Introduction: The population is susceptible to COVID-19 and knowing the most predominant characteristics and comorbidities of those affected is essential to diminish its effects. Objective: This study analyzed the biological, social and clinical risk factors for mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in the district of Trujillo, Peru. Methods: A descriptive type of study was made, with a quantitative approach and a correlational, retrospective, cross-sectional design. Data was obtained from the Ministry of Health’s database, with a sample of 64 patients from March to May 2020. Results: 85,71% of the total deceased are male, the most predominant occupation is Retired with an 28,57% incidence, and an average age of 64,67 years. When it came to symptoms of deceased patients, respiratory distress represents the highest percentage of incidence with 90,48%, then fever with 80,95%, followed by malaise in general with 57,14% and cough with 52,38%. The signs that indicated the highest percentage in deaths were dyspnea and abnormal pulmonary auscultation with 47,62%, in Comorbidities patients with cardiovascular disease were found in 42,86% and 14,29% with diabetes. The logistic regression model to predict mortality in hospitalized patients allowed the selection of risk factors such as age, sex, cough, shortness of breath and diabetes. Conclusion: The model is adequate to establish these factors, since they show that a fairly considerable percentage of explained variation would correctly classify 90,6% of the cases.Introducción: La población es susceptible al COVID-19 y conocer las características y comorbilidades más predominantes de los afectados resulta imprescindible para disminuir sus efectos. Objetivo: El presente estudio analizó los factores biológicos, sociales y clínicos de riesgo de mortalidad en pacientes hospitalizados con COVID-19 en el distrito de Trujillo, Perú. Métodos: El tipo de estudio fue descriptivo, de enfoque cuantitativo y diseño correlacional, retrospectivo, de corte transversal. Se obtuvieron los datos del sistema del Ministerio de Salud, con una muestra de 64 pacientes de marzo a mayo del 2020. Resultados:El 85,71% del total de fallecidos son del sexo masculino, la ocupación más predominante es jubilados con un 28,57% y tienen una edad promedio de 64,67 años. En el caso de los síntomas en pacientes fallecidos la dificultad respiratoria representa el mayor porcentaje 90,48%; la fiebre con un 80,95%, seguido de un malestar en general con un 57,14% y tos con un 52,38%. Los signos con mayor porcentaje en fallecidos fueron la disnea y auscultación pulmonar encontraron anormal con un 47,62%, en Comorbilidades se pacientes con enfermedad cardiovascular en un 42,86% y un 14,29% con diabetes. El modelo de regresión logística para predecir la mortalidad en pacientes hospitalizados incluidos la selección de factores de riesgo como edad, sexo, tos, dificultad respiratoria y diabetes. Conclusión: El modelo es el adecuado para establecer estos factores, ya que mostró que un porcentaje de variación explicada bastante considerable, clasificaría correctamente el 90,6% de los casos

Multiple mandibular fracture in a possum (Didelphis marsupialis), forensic radiological study

The death by vehicular collision is one of the main causes of death in wildlife, drastically affecting the population number of several species. A Zarigueya (Didelphis marsupialis) is received in the veterinary clinic of the Remington University in Medellín - Antioquia, with a recent history of multiple trauma with obvious signs of pain, multiple laceration and abrasive lesions in the cranial, thoracic and coxal regions. The patient starts medical pharmacological management, fluid therapy and is hospitalized; past few hours the patient died due to the severity of the lesions. It is decided to perform an orthogonal radiological study (lateral and ventro - lateral views of the skull, thorax and abdomen, laterals of the appendicular skeleton) in which a fracture is observed in the green stem of the horizontal left mandibular branch, in the left mandibular angle a complete oblique fracture is observed and in the left maxillary bone there is a slightly displaced longitudinal fracture.El atropellamiento de las especies silvestres es una de las principales causales de la mortalidad para estos animales, disminuyendo drásticamente su población. Se recibe una zarigüeya (Didelphis marsupialis) en la clínica veterinaria de la Universidad Remington de Medellín – Antioquia, con historial de politraumatismo reciente por atropellamiento con signos evidentes de dolor, múltiples lesiones lacerantes y abrasivas en la región craneal, torácica y coxal, el paciente inicia manejo médico farmacológico, fluidoterapia y es hospitalizado; debido a la gravedad de las lesiones el animal muere y se decide realizar un estudio radiológico ortogonal (vistas laterales y ventro dorsales de cráneo, tórax y abdomen, laterales de esqueleto apendicular) en el cual se observa fractura en tallo verde de la rama horizontal mandibular izquierda, en el ángulo mandibular izquierdo se evidencia fractura oblicua completa, en la porción del hueso maxilar izquierdo se observa una fractura longitudinal levemente desplazada