Carbon dioxide emissions mitigation strategies’ performance

The climate change matter is due to Green House Gas Emissions produced essentially by CO2 emissions. To overcome this problem, decision markers developed several policies among them the adoption of energy efficient measures and the development of renewable energies. Using a panel data analysis, this paper tries to investigate the impact of adoption of such solutions on emissions levels for 161 countries during the period 1985-2014. Estimation results demonstrate that the magnitude of emissions reduction is more important for energy efficiency and that the role of renewable energy still insufficient yet. Furthermore, we proved that non-renewable energy, income per capita and population growth are destructive facts of environmental quality

History of the Human and Nature Relationship, Discovery of Greenhouse Effect and Awareness of the Environmental Problem

The evolution of man and nature relationship during human history has allowed human beings to be sheltered from the threats of their natural environments and has permitted them to exercise their powers there but has against part the breakdown of this relationship because of the excessive exploitation of natural resources, discharges and waste that cause nature pollution. This rupture caused climate change due to the evolution of the production model from the primitive model to the capitalist model. The objective of this paper is to shed light on the evolution of the relationship between human beings and their natural environment and the awareness of the climate change problem. This research allows appreciating and comparing the effectiveness of the resolutions that can help researchers understanding the climate change context, serve as a springboard for empirical studies, and represent a decision tool for policymakers. To this end, we use a knowledge synthesis methodology to make an inventory of our research problem

Stability and Economic Performance of the Inflation-Targeting Policy Facing the Crisis

This paper analyzes the inflation targeting policy in emerging economies. More specifically, the development of this work aims to study the conduct, effectiveness and performance of this monetary policy strategy in a context of instability. Taking into account the financial collapse of 2008 and 2009 that has produced the worst global recession since the 1930s. We are developing an econometric approach based on the estimation of the efficiency frontier: variability of inflation - variability of output, which allows us to deduce measures of economic performance and measures of the efficiency of monetary policy. Our results show a significant difference within the macroeconomic performance in a global economic environment characterized by an international financial crisis. We show that these differences are generally due to the choice of this monetary policy strategy. Keywords:  inflation targeting, stability, performance, efficiency frontier. JEL Classifications: E52; E6

Ownership Concentration, Dividend Policy and Firm Performance in Pakistan

Data is drawing from a sample of Chemical firms listed at Karachi Stock Exchange of Pakistan over the period 2002–2017, this paper investigates the relationship between ownership concentration and dividend policy on firm financial performance. Using panel data analysis, the evidence is found to support the assumption of a significant relationship between ownership concentration and dividend policy on firm financial performance. The findings reveal that ownership concentration has a significant positive association with firm financial performance. This stated that larger shareholders can attribute to the alignment of managerial incentives with shareholder interests. They also monitor the team very effectively and efficiently. Dividend policy has a significant positive relationship with ROA. Leverage and Tangibility have a significant negative relationship with financial performance. Board size also has a significant positive impact on firm performance. These results potentially can be relevant for policymakers and academic research. Keywords: Firm’s Performance, Ownership Concentration, Dividend Policy, Chemical Sector, Pakistan DOI: 10.7176/RJFA/10-21-04 Publication date: November 30th 201

Do Women On Boards And In Top Management Reduce Earnings Management? Evidence In France

The purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of gender diversity on the boardroom and in top management positions on earnings management by French-listed firms. Based on a sample of 170 firms over 4 years, we find that the proportion of women on the board standing as a director or a chair reduces earnings management. This finding suggests that women are effective on their monitoring role and are then considered as a crucial corporate governance device. We also find that the relationship between the presence of at least three women on the board and earnings management is negative suggesting that by increasing the number of women on board through regulation and legislation, French firms are likely to enhance the effectiveness of the board to better detect earnings management. However, women standing in CEO and CFO positions do not affect earnings management practices. These findings suggest that efforts made by political bodies to promote equality between men and women on boards are beneficial for French-listed companies by limiting earnings management practices. However, regulating or imposing a quota of women on boards can create a temporal shortage of qualified women available to take up such positions

Measuring technical efficiency differentials of cotton farmers in Pakistan

Ankara : The Department of Economics, Bilkent Univ., 2000.Thesis (Master's) -- Bilkent University, 2000.Includes bibliographical references leaves 59-61.This thesis examines the technical efficiency differentials of production of cotton farmers in the two provinces, Sind and Punjab, of Pakistan. Both parametric and semi-parametric stochastic frontier models were u.sed to inve.stigate the relationships that might exist between the farm size, the educational background, the ownership status and farmers' efficiency. The results of both of the models show that farm size plays an important role in measuring the efficiency of farmers. Increasing farm size in Punjab decreases inefficiency whereas farms should be smaller in Sind to be more effective. Education was found to decrease inefficiency in Punjab whereas it is counterproductive in Sind. Owneroperated farms of Punjab are more efficient. The results of this thesis warrants need for major structural reforms in order to increase productivity in the agriculture sector of Pakistan.Aguir, SabeurM.S

Stabilité, croissance économique et ciblage d'inflation

This thesis analyzes the inflation targeting policy in emerging economies. To be more specific, the developments of this thesis aimed to investigate the conduct, efficiency and performance of the policy of monetary strategy in an instability context. Therefore, we proceed in two steps. First, we study the conduct rule of the inflation targeting policy (Chapter 1), showing how this notion of optimal rule should guide the behaviour of the Central Bank in its decisions of monetary policy, in order to achieve the inflation goal, by emphasizing the role of transparency and credibility of the monetary policy, as a performance criterion, by evaluating the different experiences of the emerging countries that have adopted an inflation targeting and have been able to strengthen the effectiveness of the monetary regime (Chapter 2). Then, in a second step, we distinguish periods of pre-targeting and post-targeting to evaluate the performance of this policy. Thus, we show that inflation targeting is economically efficient if it generates an environmental stability of monetary policy (Chapter 3). Finally, we analyze the efficiency and performance of the inflation targeting policy in emerging economies in times of crisis, taking into account the financial crisis of 2008 and 2009 that produced the worst global recession since the 1930s (Chapter 4). We are developing an econometric approach based on a dynamic panel data in order to study the degree of stability of the economic environment targeted countries in a context of instability. Our results show a significant difference in inflation performance with macro-economic performances in a global economic environment characterized by a global financial crisis, and that these differences are generally attributable to the choice of the strategy of monetary policy.La présente thèse analyse la politique de ciblage de l’inflation au sein des économies émergentes. Plus précisément, les développements de cette thèse visent à étudier la conduite, l’efficacité et la performance de cette stratégie de politique monétaire dans un contexte d’instabilité. Pour cela, nous procédons en deux étapes. Dans un premier temps, nous étudions la règle de conduite de la politique de ciblage d’inflation (chapitre 1), en montrant comment cette notion de règle optimale devrait guider le comportement de la banque centrale dans ses décisions de politique monétaire afin de réaliser l'objectif d'inflation. Nous insistons sur le rôle de la transparence et de la crédibilité de la politique monétaire en tant que critère de performance et nous évaluons les différentes expériences des pays émergents ayant adopté un ciblage d’inflation et qui ont pu renforcer l’efficacité de ce régime monétaire (chapitre 2). Puis, dans un second temps, nous distinguons les périodes de pré-ciblage et de post-ciblage pour évaluer la performance de cette politique. Nous montrons ainsi que le ciblage d’inflation est économiquement performant s’il génère une stabilité de l’environnement de la politique monétaire (chapitre 3). Enfin, nous analysons l’efficacité et la performance de la politique de ciblage d’inflation des économies émergentes en période de crise, compte tenu de l’effondrement financier de 2008 et 2009 qui a produit la pire récession mondiale depuis les années 1930 (chapitre 4). Nous développons une approche économétrique basée sur des données de panel dynamique, pour étudier le degré de stabilité de l’environnement économique des pays cibleurs dans un contexte d’instabilité. Nos résultats mettent en évidence une différence significative des performances en matière d’inflation et dans le domaine macroéconomique dans un environnement économique mondial caractérisé par une crise financière internationale. Nous montrons que ces différences sont généralement imputables au choix de cette stratégie de politique monétaire

The Role of Ownership Concentration and Dividend Policy on Firm Performance: Evidence from an Emerging Market of Pakistan

Purpose- The main aim of this study is to determine the role of ownership concentration and dividend policy on the firm performance of chemical sector firms of Pakistan. Design/Methodology- This research used the secondary data collected from the annual reports of the companies listed at the Karachi Stock Exchange (KSE). However, inclusion criteria are the 26 listed firms from 2012 to 2017, giving a total of 156 observations. This study used the Generalized Least Squares Model. Findings- The findings reveal that ownership concentration has a significant positive association with firm financial performance. This stated that larger shareholders could attribute to the alignment of managerial incentives with shareholder interests. They also monitor the team very effectively and efficiently. The dividend policy has a significant positive relationship with ROA. Leverage and tangibility have a significant negative relationship with firm performance. Practical Implications- These results potentially can be relevant for policymakers and academic research as well as also helpful for managers and policymakers