Simultaneous quantitative determination of zidovudine and nevirapine in human plasma using isocratic, reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography

Purpose: To develop a sensitive and rapid reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for the measurement of the levels of zidovudine (ZVD) and nevirapine (NVP) in human plasma. Methods: Standard stock solutions for HPLC analysis were prepared by dissolving ZVD and NVP in methanol. In the HPLC measurement, sample detection was carried out at 246 nm using an ultraviolet (UV)-photo diode array (PDA) detector. Plasma sample pretreatment consisted of protein precipitation extraction with methanol. The compounds were separated using a mobile phase consisting of a pH 3.0 solution (obtained by adjusting the pH of water with orthophosphoric acid): acetonitrile (73:27 v/v) on a Phenomenex LUNA C18, column (250×4.6 mm i.d., 5μm) at a flow rate of 0.9 mL min-1. The total run time for the assay was 10.2 min. The method was validated over the range of 300-9600 ng mL-1 and 200-6400 ng mL-1 for ZVD and NVP, respectively. Results: The lowest limits of quantification (LLOQ) and of detection (LOD) were 300 and 63 ng mL-1 for ZVD and 200 and 17 ng mL-1 for NVP, respectively. The method was found to be accurate, with accuracy ranging from -10.92 to +9.57 % and precise, with intra-day, inter-day as well as analyst to analyst precision of 0.68 to 9.38 %. Extraction recoveries of the drugs from plasma were 91.39, 95.01, 89.51 % for ZVD and 90.93, 93.26, 92.13 % for NVP, for LQC (low quality control), MQC (medium quality control) and HQC (high quality control) samples, respectively. Stability data revealed that the drugs were stable in plasma under various test conditions. Conclusion: This assay can be suitably used for the determination of zidovudine (ZVD) and nevirapine (NVP) in human plasma and should be useful in HIV clinical trials and clinical therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) programs. It would also be potentially useful in the determination of pharmacokinetic profiles and in bioequivalence studies in HIV research.. Keywords: Assay, Zidovudine, Nevirapine, Human plasma, Reverse phase high- performance liquid chromatography.Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 8 (1) 2009: pp. 79-8

Способ паллиативного лечения распространенных форм рака легкого

We have proposed a palliative method for common forms of lung cancer, which combines the two previously mentioned methods. Using this method allows not only to stop the lung bleeding, but restore airway passage of the bronchi and then continue with the treatment of lung cancer (chemotherapy, radiotherapy). We used this method in 16 patients with age group from 54 to 76 years, with central lung cancer III A–IV stages, who had lung hemorrhage and atelectasis of bronchus. In the first step, rentgenendovascular embolization of bronchial artery (REVEBA) and their branches approaching to the tumor is performed. In the next stage, the patients underwent laser recanalization of tumor stenosis of the segmental or main bronchi. We were able to achieve a positive hemostatic effect in 15 patients, which was seen throughout first 5 months. Recanalization and restoration of the bronchial airway was achieved in all the patients. All these factors allowed the patients undergo subsequent radiation and chemotherapy. Tumor relapse, recurrence of stenosis and pulmonary bleeding have not been observed during the first 5 months. Possibilities of using the adove mentioned methods in the treatment of common forms of lung cancer have been shown.Нами предложен способ паллиативного лечения распространенных форм рака лёгкого, который объединяет две ранее указанные методики. Применение данного способа позволяет не только остановить легочное кровотечение и восстановить проходимость бронха, но и в дальнейшем продолжить лечение рака легкого (химиотерапия, лучевая терапия). Данный способ применен нами у 16 пациентов с центральным раком легкого III A–IV ст., у которых было легочное кровотечение и ателектаз бронха. Первым этапом выполнялась рентгенэндоваскулярная эмболизация бронхиальных артерий и их ветвей, подходящих к опухоли. Следующим этапом была лазерная реканализация опухолевых стенозов бронхов. Нам удалось добиться положительного гемостатического эффекта у 15 пациентов (стойкий гемостаз отмечался на протяжении 5 мес.), а также реканализации бронхов у всех пациентов. Все это позволило нашим пациентам в последующем пройти лучевую либо химиотерапию. За 5-месячный период наблюдения рецидив опухолевого стеноза и повторные легочные кровотечения нами не наблюдались. Показана возможность использования метода в лечении осложненных форм злокачественных опухолей легкого

The Use of Electrosealing Surgical Complex EK-300-M1 in Videothoracoscopic Lung Resections

Разработка современной электросварочной технологии (ЭСТ) основанной на коагуляции тканей электрическим током большой силы и низкого напряжения «Liga Sure» позволило использовать этот метод в открытой и видеоторакоскопической торакальной хирургии. Применение ЭСТ позволило эффективно использовать сосуды легкого до 7 мм в диаметре и герметизировать легочную ткань с минимальным термическим повреждением окружающих тканей и в ряде случаев отказаться от использования сшивающих аппаратов и механического шва. Разработанные зарубежные аппараты «Liga Sure» с набором специальных инструментов достаточно дорогостоящие, что ограничивает их применение среди отечественных хирургов. Созданный НИИ электросварки им О.Е. Патона (Украина) электросварочный комплекс ЕК-300-М1 с набором электрохирургических инструментов позволил с успехом применить ЭСТ в различных областях хирургии, включая торакальную. Однако опыт использования этого комплекса в видеоторакоскопической хирургии достаточно ограничен, что позволило поделиться им в настоящем сообщении.Shown the results of videothoracoscopic and video assisted lung resections in 41 patients, with solitary and disseminated lung processes of unknown etiology, with the use suture less electrosealing surgical complex EK-300-M1 (Ukraine). Shown the possibilities of suture less endoscopic lung resections with effective coagulation of vessels diameter up to 7 mm and aero stasis. This technology combined with electrosealing technology with use of mechanical stitches allowed us to minimize the expenses with by using minimal numbers of cartridges and end staplers. Presented the possible methods of non-invasive technologies with use of bipolar electrocoagulation for wedge and subtotal lung resections. In all the patients morphological verifications achieved. Lethality was not registered. Complications as non-stable lung aerostasis and postoperative psychosis was in four (9,7%) patients. Conversion to thoracotomy performed in one patient. The use of electrosealing technology EK-300-M1 in videothoracoscopic surgeries are mentioned

Possibilities of Videothoracoscopic Operations in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Exudative Pleurisies with Unknown Etiology

В современных условиях наиболее достоверную причину плеврального выпота неясной этиологии можно установить в результате биопсии плевры под визуальным контролем проводимой в ходе видеоторакоскопической операции (ВТО). Диагностическая ценность ВТО в дифференциальной диагностике экссудативных плевритов (ЭП) не вызывает сомнений среди торакальных хирургов, однако не является общепринятой среди врачей общеклинической сети. Накопленный в клинике опыт проведения ВТО для дифференциальной диагностики природы ЭП позволяет поделиться нам в астоящем сообщении.In this work, detail study of the problems of modern methods for the treatment of exudative pleurisy with different etiologies, as well as the metastatic pleurisies, with the use of videothoracoscopy biopsies of parietal pleura and the lungs is performed. This method is used in the treatment of 2454 patients. Details of the method used in the operative intervention have been shown, along with the peculiarities in the postoperative period. Accent attention in the pleurodesis, as aim for the palliative implication in the metastatic pleurisies, impacts with the use of chemical and physical methods, evaluation of their effectiveness, comparative characteristics are given. Lethality in 5 (0.2%) patients were seen

The Use of Video Thoracoscopic Operations in the Treatment of Acute Purulent Pleurisies

Современный опыт развития малоинвазивной торакальной хирургии позволяет считать видеоторакоскопические операции (ВТО) методом выбора в лечении острой эмпиемы плевры (ОЭП). Визуальный контроль в сочетании с эндоскопической санацией плевральной полости и вскрытие мелких субплевральных абсцессов способствуют раннему расправлению легкого и ликвидации гнойного процесса в плевральной полости, что предотвращает переход процесса в хроническую форму. Накопленный опыт выполнения ВТО при лечении ОЭП позволяет поделиться им в настоящем сообщении.The experience of the modern approach to the surgical treatment for the acute purulent pleurisies, with the use of endoscopic techniques in 391 patients is shown. The operative interventions are performed under general anesthesia as well using local anesthesia. The details of the methods, stages of operations, indications and adverse indications are mentioned. Special attention to the treatment of purulent pleurisy having lung-pleural fistula is given. Complications were 7.2%, lethality – 0.25%

The Role of Videothoracoscopy in Diagnostic and Treatment of Different Etiology Pleural Effusion

Высокие диагностические возможности видеоторакоскопии (ВТ) в дифференциальной диагностике экссудативных плевритов (ЭП) были продемонстрированы еще в начале 90-х годов XX века. Однако в обще клинической практике этот метод до сих пор не нашел должного применения, что объясняется как дороговизной видеоторакоскопической туры, так и рутинными подходами врачей к дифференциальной диагностике ЭП. Накопленный в клинике опыт ВТ в диагностике и лечении ЭП позволил поделиться им в настоящем сообщении.We present the experience of videothoracoscopical operations in 662 patients with pleural effusion. The videothoracoscopical operations allowed morphological verification of pleural defects by 100 percent. Different videothoracoscopical methods were used in different forms of pleurisies. So, 652 (99.3%) patients were discharged from the hospital. Mortality was noticed in 5 cases due to generalization of the main diseases. Complications were in 6.1%. Average hospitalization period was 5–6 days

The Role of Videothoracoscopy in the Differential Diagnosis and Treatment of Lungs Focal Lesions and Disseminated Processes of Unknown Etiology

Адекватное лечение при наличии диссеминированных и очаговых процессов легких неясной этиологии возможно лишь при морфологическом установлении природы патологического процесса. Современные подходы к верификации подобных заболеваний стали возможными благодаря широкому внедрению в клиническую практику видеоторакоскопических операций (ВТО) [1,2,4–7,9,10], причем при наличии очаговых патологических процессов ВТО может носить не только диагностический, но и лечебный характер. Накопленный нами опыт ВТО при диссеминированных процессах легких (ДПЛ) и очаговых образованиях легких (ООЛ) неясной этиологии позволил поделится им в настоящем сообщении.The work carried out in the department shows the experience of videothoracoscopic operations in patients with focal lesions and disseminated processes of lungs of unknown etiology. The use of videothoracoscopic and video-assisted lung resections allowed verifying the morphological etiology of the disease in all the patients; moreover, in some patients the lung resection played a role in the treatment. Lethality was noticed in 7 (2.7%) cases due to generalized focal lesions. Complications were seen in 5.5% patients under observation. Average hospitalization period was 6.3 days

Treatment of post – traumatical coagulated hemothorax. Videothoracoscopy or open surgery

Представлена сравнительная оценка эффективности видеоторакоскопических (ВТО) и открытых операций, выполненных по поводу посттравматического свернувшегося гемоторакса (ПСГ) у 612 пострадавших. Эффективность ВТО не уступает таковой открытых операций и составляет 92,4 %, при этом достигнуто уменьшение продолжительности лечения до 9,6 дня (при открытых операциях – 11,5 дня), частоты осложнений – соответственно 4,5 и 13,8 %, травматичности вмешательства и сроков реабилитации. Все пациенты живы. Наиболее эффективно выполнение ВТО в ранние сроки ПСГ.Comparative estimation of videothoracic and open surgery efficacy in the treatment of post–traumatic coagulated hemothorax have been shown in 612 patients. According to the achieved results, effectiveness of videothoracoscopy (92.4%) is better than open surgeries. Apart from that, reduction in the hospitalization days (9.6 days compared to 11.5 days in open surgeries), frequency of complications (4.5% and 13.8%), traumatic intervention and rehabilitation time. All the patients alive. Best results are achieved using videothoracoscopical operations at the earliest in posttraumatic coagulated hemothorax

Perspectives of the Apiaceae Hepatoprotective Effects - A Review

The liver has the crucial role in the regulation of various physiological processes and in the excretion of endogenous waste metabolites and xenobiotics. Liver structure impairment can be caused by various factors including microorganisms, autoimmune diseases, chemicals, alcohol and drugs. The plant kingdom is full of liver protective chemicals such as phenols, coumarins, lignans, essential oils, monoterpenes, carotenoids, glycosides, flavonoids, organic acids, lipids, alkaloids and xanthenes. Apiaceae plants are usually used as a vegetable or as a spice, but their other functional properties are also very important. This review highlights the significance of caraway, dill, cumin, aniseed, fennel, coriander, celery, lovage, angelica, parsley and carrot, which are popular vegetables and spices, but possess hepatoprotective potential. These plants can be used for medicinal applications to patients who suffer from liver damage

Equation of Craft in India

Description ‘Equation of Craft in India’ is a design research project of Craft Future Lab, NID Ahmedabad, India under the collaborative effort of the International Centre for Indian Craft (ICIC), Dept. of Lifestyle Accessory Design (LAD), and Design for Social Innovation and Sustainability Lab (NID DESIS Lab). The project was initiated and led by Prof. Amresh Panigrahi with his fellow 16 Master level Design students of the Department of LAD batch 2018 with the prime objective of attempting to understand the current dynamics in the Indian craft sector. The origin of crafts goes a long way back, to the Indus Valley civilization. It had its fair share of evolution through the centuries that followed from the Vedic, Mauryan, Mughal periods to the British colonization and the onset of industrialization. The crafts of India have gone through several impactful events with our relatively newfound Independent democratic country and its political and economic development. The current context of craft in the 20th century takes into account the social, economic and geopolitical setting of India with the presence of various global developments in technology, import-export scenario, travel and popular mass ideas. Here the System mapping is an attempt to represent the identified components and variables and interrelationship within the current system understanding of the craft sector in India. Craft in its essence Craft is a vital source of identity for the craftsman as it derived its meaning by its local acceptance in its socio-cultural fabric. It has developed through a long line of rich cultural heritage. The function of crafts varies from being utilitarian, ornamental to finding purposes in religious, ritualistic, and festival purposes. Crafts now are much more susceptible to cross-cultural influences of the increasing spread of media, the internet, and education. The Development Commissioner of Handicrafts (DCH), India defined crafts as ‘items made by hand, often with the use of simple tools and generally artistic and traditional. They include objects of utility and objects of decoration’. The three main confluence for the creation of a craft comes with (a) an artisan along with his ability working on (b) the raw materials with a little help from the (c) simple tools that aids where human abilities limit him. The craftsmen and the craft dynamics The four significant divisions of craftsmen based on their ability are – Master-craftsmen, Craftsmen, Apprentice, and newly joined. Master-craftsmen display the highest skill and bring novelty in the craft. Apart from the newly joined category of artisans, all other craftsmen majorly learn the craft from the master craftsperson or from within the family itself, passed down through the generations. It is a labour-intensive sector where artisans get less return in terms of money, recognition, value for craft for the much more investment they put into it. The investment may be in terms of effort, time, and the number of workforces. The real success of a craft is no more confined to the ability of the craftsperson’s skills, raw material and tools. It is the time that demands the market knowledge to make the craft a success. However, the craftsman abilities are currently limited with less market knowledge and mostly restricted to the boundaries of his craft understanding. Lack of knowledge, their struggle with the craft practices and its continuity became much more complicated, which forced them to switch to other jobs or to want a different life for their children. Initiatives at organising the sector The craft & cottage industry is the most significant non-agricultural decentralized sector of the Indian economy. In the wake of the government’s attempt to organize the sector and tap into its full potential, it works on multiple value chains of the craft sector. The government provides market platforms through multiple exhibitions, Haats, fairs and emporiums, wherein efforts are put into making the customer realize the cultural context of the craft. One of the major competitors in the market remains to be the mass-produced industrialized products flooding in domestically and also via imports from other neighbouring countries. Domestically, authentic craft loses its market to mass-produced fake craft due to its comfortable, cheaper availability. Protection of crafts ingenuity The fake market affected the craftsmen and the identity of the craft which led to government initiatives aimed at creating protection and preservation of craft’s ingenuity owing to the craftsmen and its community through the creation of geographical indication (GI) tag, Craftmark logo and also through handicraft census. With over 200 crafts GI tagged, it is beneficial to the owners as they can safeguard their products from unauthorized commercial use. Presence of the GI tag has still left some room for improvements for craftsman’s awareness and fight for their rights. The Craftmark logo is an initiative to provide a mark for genuine handicraft for the consumers to authenticate their purchase. Private exhibitions and museums purposefully created for documentation and preservation of the handicrafts. Role of design in craft innovation With above systematic study, the working groups further discovered various gaps as an opportunity for design-driven strategic intervention. Practice-based Design research facilitates the application of design strategies at various levels to imagine a craft social innovation and its sustainable future