Inflation and Budget Deficit: What is the Relationship in Portugal?

The main causes of Portuguese inflation, based on annual data from 1954 to 1995, using the Johansen method, allows us to conclude that variation in Portuguese inflation is determined essentially by foreign inflation and by variation in the effective exchange rate of the Portuguese Escudo (PTE). In the long-term, the relationship between inflation rate and the growth rate of unit labour costs is almost unitary. However, the response of inflation change to the equilibrium error between inflation rate and changes in unit labour costs is slow and almost insignificant, while the response of unit labour costs to this disequilibrium is fast and significant, what suggests that the direction of causality is much more evident from the inflation rate on unit labour costs, than the reverse. The budget deficit as a percentage of GDP, are not significant in the short-term, in relation to variation in inflation as a dependent variable. However, it is significant in the relation to unit labour costs as a dependent variable, so we can have an indirect positive relation between inflation and lagged budget deficit.Inflation, Budget Deficit, Unit Roots, and Cointegration

The Phillips Curve in Portugal

This paper estimates the Phillips curve in Portugal using the Johansen Method, with the wage inflation rate as a dependent variable, based on annual data from the period 1954-1995. The main conclusions are as follows. Firstly, in the long term, the wage inflation rate relates positively to the inflation rate and negatively to the unemployment rate, as expected. There is also a positive relationship between the wage inflation rate and the average labour productivity growth index. Secondly, in the short term, the variation of the wage inflation rate relates negatively and significantly to the error correction mechanism with a negative unitary coefficient; therefore, there is a quick and significant response to the equilibrium error between the wage inflation rate and its determinants. Besides this adjustment, the wage inflation rate responds positively to a lagged wage inflation rate. The variation in the unemployment rate and the average labour productivity growth present the expected signal, negative and positive respectively, but without significance in the short term. The dummy that refers to the April 1974 revolution is significant

Inflação e Défice Orçamental: Que Relação em Portugal?

Os principais determinantes da variação da inflação no período 1954-95 parecem ser a inflação externa (ou a sua variação) e a variação da taxa de câmbio efectiva do escudo. Verifica-se uma relação de longo prazo entre a taxa de inflação e a taxa de variação dos custos unitários de trabalho quase unitária, mas a resposta da variação da inflação ao erro de equilíbrio entre a taxa de inflação e a variação dos custos unitários é lenta e quase insignificante ao passo que a resposta dos custos unitários de trabalho a esse desequilíbrio é rápida e significativa o que sugere que a direcção de causalidade é muito mais pronunciada da taxa de inflação para os custos de trabalho, do que ao contrário. Isto parece significar que os salários se ajustam imediatamente ao crescimento da inflação, enquanto a inflação se ajusta lentamente ao crescimento dos salários. O saldo do Sector Público Administrativo em percentagem do PIB (SPA) não é significativo na relação de curto prazo, na equação da inflação, no entanto, é significativo na equação dos custos unitários de trabalho, o que pode implicar relação positiva indirecta entre a variação da inflação e o défice orçamental desfasado

Inflação Portuguesa: pelos custos ou monetária?

O estudo das causas da inflação portuguesa no período 1954-95 com base em dados anuais, através da abordagem de Johansen permite-nos concluir que a variação da inflação portuguesa é essencialmente determinada pela variação da inflação externa e pela variação da taxa de câmbio efectiva do Escudo. Em termos de longo prazo obtivemos uma relação entre taxa de inflação e taxa de crescimento dos custos unitários de trabalho quase unitária, mas a resposta da variação da inflação ao erro de equilíbrio entre taxa de inflação e variação dos custos unitários de trabalho é lenta e quase insignificante ao passo que a resposta dos custos unitários de trabalho a esse desequilíbrio é rápida e significativa. A variação do stock nominal de moeda corrigido pela taxa de crescimento real do PIB não se apresenta como variável significativa na relação de curto prazo como determinante da variação da inflação, o que nos leva a concluir que temos inflação determinada essencialmente pelos custos neste período da economia portuguesa. Os custos fortemente significativos na relação de curto prazo são a inflação dos produtos importados (traduzidos quer pela inflação externa, quer pela variação da taxa de câmbio efectiva)

The Phillips Curve in Italy

The estimation of the Phillips curve in Italy, using the wage inflation rate as a dependent variable, based on annual data from the period 1961-2012, using the Johansen Method, allows us to conclude two things. Firstly, in the long term, there are two long-term relationships: the wage inflation rate relates positively to the inflation rate, negatively to the unemployment rate and positively to the average labour productivity growth index, as was expected; the inflation rate relates positively to the wage inflation rate, negatively to the unemployment rate and positively to the average labour productivity growth index, as was expected. Secondly, in the short term, the variation of the wage inflation rate relates positively and significantly to the error correction mechanism of the first long-term relationship; therefore, there is a significant response to the equilibrium error between the wage inflation rate and its determinants (inflation rate, unemployment rate, labour productivity growth index). Besides this adjustment, the variation of wage inflation rate responds significantly and negatively to the variation in unemployment rate and significantly and positively to the average labour productivity growth

Identifying the characteristics of support Australian university teachers use in their design work: Implications for the learning design field

© 2018 Australasian Journal of Educational Technology. Quality teaching is a strategic objective for universities; thus, there is an expectation that university teachers design high quality learning experience for their students. The field of learning design has developed over the past 15 years as a way to support teachers in their design work. There has been significant research and development work that has focused on creating support tools to help teachers plan, develop and deliver learning experiences. However, little is known about what supports teachers access and use when they design and overall how teachers undertake their design work. This paper presents the findings from a qualitative study that investigated the types of supports 30 teachers from 16 Australian universities reported using in their design work. Data was collected from semi-structured interviews, and the results show that participants accessed a variety of supports depending on their design need. The kind of support participants accessed in their design work were colleagues, literature, workshops and seminars, conferences, institutional support services, and enrolment in postgraduate study. How participants explained using these supports can be characterised as varied, personalised, dynamic and networked. Based on these results, implications for the learning design field are discussed with recommendations for future research

Dysphagia in the Elderly and its Implications in the Administration of Oral Dosage Forms

Introduction: Dysphagia is defined as difficulty in swallowing and is more prevalent in advanced ages. To overcome this difficulty, the elderly resort to altering the physical form of the medication, resulting in consequences for themselves and for the therapy.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio