MANAGEMENT OF MAIN THREATS DURING REALISATION OF BIG SPORT EVENTS

Organizing major sporting events is inextricably linked with reducing therisks. These risks may be caused by the uncontrolled behavior of the crowd, different typeof accidents or hardware failure as well as terrorist threats. Other main factors creatingdangers currently can be included: problems with safety of filling structure withaudience, control against carrying in dangerous objects, fans reactions which canchange into aggressive behaviours. Correct designing of all elements of sport spectacle and their efficient realizationcan contribute that events will take place without disturbance, additional stress and thatdangerous situations will be easy to take under control. Management of sport structures on which sport and cultural events with masscharacter can take place, brings different type of dangers and problems of organizationalnature. During organization sport spectacle, its organizers are responsible for order oflasting event, where together with host of object and also cooperating services, securesfeeling of safety for participants. The led investigation on terrain of Polish stadiums, aimto elaborate procedures which will become practically used during European FootballChampionship, which will be played in Poland and Ukraine in 2012.Keywords: management, threats, organization of sport eventsJEL code: M00

Facilitation of co-metabolic transformation and degradation of monochlorophenols by Pseudomonas sp. CF600 and changes in its fatty acid composition

In this study, co-metabolic degradation of monochlorophenols (2-CP, 3-CP, and 4-CP) by the Pseudomonas sp. CF600 strain in the presence of phenol, sodium benzoate, and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid as an additional carbon source as well as the survival of bacteria were investigated. Moreover, the changes in cellular fatty acid profiles of bacteria depending on co-metabolic conditions were analyzed. It was found that bacteria were capable of degrading 4-CP completely in the presence of phenol, and in the presence of all substrates, they degraded 2-CP and 3-CP partially. The highest 2-CP and 3-CP removal was observed in the presence of sodium benzoate. Bacteria exhibited three various dioxygenases depending on the type of growth substrate. It was also demonstrated that bacteria exposed to aromatic growth substrates earlier degraded monochlorophenols more effectively than unexposed cells. The analysis of fatty acid profiles of bacteria indicated the essential changes in their composition, involving alterations in fatty acid saturation, hydroxylation, and cyclopropane ring formation. The most significant change in bacteria exposed to sodium benzoate and degrading monochlophenols was the appearance of branched fatty acids. The knowledge from this study indicates that Pseudomonas sp. CF600 could be a suitable candidate for the bioaugmentation of environments contaminated with phenolic compounds

Endocannabinoid system and anticancer properties of cannabinoids

Cannabinoids impact human body by binding to cannabinoids receptors (CB1 and CB2). The two main phytocannabinoids are Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). THC interacts with CB1 receptors occurring in central nervous system and is responsible for psychoactive properties of marijuana. CBD has low affinity to CB1 receptor, has no psychoactive characteristics and its medical applications can be wider. CB receptors are part of a complex machinery involved in regulation of many physiological processes – endocannabinoid system. Cannabinoids have found some applications in palliative medicine, but there are many reports concerning their anticancer affects. Agonists of CB1 receptors stimulate accumulation of ceramides in cancer cells, stress of endoplasmic reticulum (ER stress) and, in turn, apoptosis. Effects of cannabinoids showing low affinity to CB receptors is mediated probably by induction of reactive oxygen species production. Knowledge of antitumor activity of cannabinoids is still based only on preclinical studies and there is a necessity to conduct more experiments to assess the real potential of these compounds

Polish sociology after twenty-five years of post-communist transformation

Die polnischen Sozialwissenschaften haben zwei komplementäre Ziele verfolgt. Eines bestand darin, die polnische Transformation in ihrem räumlichen und historischen Kontext zu beschreiben. Zum zweiten ging es darum zu erklären, in welcher Form die externen, globalen Rahmenbedingungen die Mechanismen interner sozialer Modernisierung beeinflussten. Der Überblick über die vergangenen 25 Jahre zeigt einen klaren Wandel von der technokratischen Version eines flüssigen und raschen Wechsels hin zu einer tiefgehenden Betrachtung der Besonderheiten der polnischen Modernisierung. Soziale Phänomene wurden als ein spontanes und häufig singuläres Ergebnis neuer Institutionen, Regeln und Regulierungen betrachtet, die langsam Wurzeln fassen. Zur selben Zeit hat sich die analytische Perspektive um europäische und sogar globale Zusammenhänge erweitert. Bei ihrer Suche nach einer angemessenen Herangehensweise waren Soziologinnen und Soziologen auch in öffentliche Debatten über die Bemessung der nationalen »Aktiva und Passiva« und in die Festlegung zukünftiger Entwicklungsprioritäten involviert.   Polish social sciences have pursued two complementary objectives. Firstly, the aim was to describe the Polish transformation in relation to its external context, both spatial and temporal. The second was to explain how these external, global circumstances influenced the mechanisms of internal social modernisation in the country. A survey of the last twenty five years shows a clear transition from the technocratic vision of a smooth and rapid change to a deeper consideration of the peculiarities of Polish modernisation. Social phenomena have come to be regarded as a spontaneous and often unique result of new institutions, rules and regulations gradually taking root. At the same time, the analytical perspective has broadened to include European or even global contexts. In their search for an adequate approach, sociologists have been also involved in public debate on the assessment of the country’s ›assets and liabilities‹ and setting its developmental priorities for the future. Die polnischen Sozialwissenschaften haben zwei komplementäre Ziele verfolgt. Eines bestand darin, die polnische Transformation in ihrem räumlichen und historischen Kontext zu beschreiben. Zum zweiten ging es darum zu erklären, in welcher Form die externen, globalen Rahmenbedingungen die Mechanismen interner sozialer Modernisierung beeinflussten. Der Überblick über die vergangenen 25 Jahre zeigt einen klaren Wandel von der technokratischen Version eines flüssigen und raschen Wechsels hin zu einer tiefgehenden Betrachtung der Besonderheiten der polnischen Modernisierung. Soziale Phänomene wurden als ein spontanes und häufig singuläres Ergebnis neuer Institutionen, Regeln und Regulierungen betrachtet, die langsam Wurzeln fassen. Zur selben Zeit hat sich die analytische Perspektive um europäische und sogar globale Zusammenhänge erweitert. Bei ihrer Suche nach einer angemessenen Herangehensweise waren Soziologinnen und Soziologen auch in öffentliche Debatten über die Bemessung der nationalen »Aktiva und Passiva« und in die Festlegung zukünftiger Entwicklungsprioritäten involviert.   Polish social sciences have pursued two complementary objectives. Firstly, the aim was to describe the Polish transformation in relation to its external context, both spatial and temporal. The second was to explain how these external, global circumstances influenced the mechanisms of internal social modernisation in the country. A survey of the last twenty five years shows a clear transition from the technocratic vision of a smooth and rapid change to a deeper consideration of the peculiarities of Polish modernisation. Social phenomena have come to be regarded as a spontaneous and often unique result of new institutions, rules and regulations gradually taking root. At the same time, the analytical perspective has broadened to include European or even global contexts. In their search for an adequate approach, sociologists have been also involved in public debate on the assessment of the country’s ›assets and liabilities‹ and setting its developmental priorities for the future.&nbsp

Enhancing the Efficiency of a Decision Support System through the Clustering of Complex Rule-Based Knowledge Bases and Modification of the Inference Algorithm

Decision support systems founded on rule-based knowledge representation should be equipped with rule management mechanisms. Effective exploration of new knowledge in every domain of human life requires new algorithms of knowledge organization and a thorough search of the created data structures. In this work, the author introduces an optimization of both the knowledge base structure and the inference algorithm. Hence, a new, hierarchically organized knowledge base structure is proposed as it draws on the cluster analysis method and a new forward-chaining inference algorithm which searches only the so-called representatives of rule clusters. Making use of the similarity approach, the algorithm tries to discover new facts (new knowledge) from rules and facts already known. The author defines and analyses four various representative generation methods for rule clusters. Experimental results contain the analysis of the impact of the proposed methods on the efficiency of a decision support system with such knowledge representation. In order to do this, four representative generation methods and various types of clustering parameters (similarity measure, clustering methods, etc.) were examined. As can be seen, the proposed modification of both the structure of knowledge base and the inference algorithm has yielded satisfactory results

Changes in fatty acid composition of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia KB2 during co-metabolic degradation of monochlorophenols

The changes in the cellular fatty acid composition of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia KB2 during cometabolic degradation of monochlorophenols in the presence of phenol as well as its adaptive mechanisms to these compounds were studied. It was found that bacteria were capable of degrading 4-chlorophenol (4-CP) completely in the presence of phenol, while 2-chlorophenol (2-CP) and 3-chlorophenol (3-CP) they degraded partially. The analysis of the fatty acid profiles indicated that adaptive mechanisms of bacteria depended on earlier exposure to phenol, which isomer they degraded, and on incubation time. In bacteria unexposed to phenol the permeability and structure of their membranes could be modified through the increase of hydroxylated and cyclopropane fatty acids, and straight-chain and hydroxylated fatty acids under 2-CP, 3-CP and 4-CP exposure, respectively. In the exposed cells, regardless of the isomer they degraded, the most important changes were connected with the increase of the contribution of branched fatty acid on day 4 and the content of hydroxylated fatty acids on day 7. The changes, particularly in the proportion of branched fatty acids, could be a good indicator for assessing the progress of the degradation of monochlorophenols by S. maltophilia KB2. In comparison, in phenol-degrading cells the increase of cyclopropane and straight-chain fatty acid content was established. These findings indicated the degradative potential of the tested strain towards the co-metabolic degradation of persistent chlorophenols, and extended the current knowledge about the adaptive mechanisms of these bacteria to such chemicals

Transformation and ecotoxicological effects of iodinated X-ray contrast media

Iodinated X-ray contrast media (ICM) such as diatrizoate, iohexol, iomeprol, iopamidol, and iopromide are commonly used in medical imaging for radiological visualization of a variety of anatomic structures. Because of their highly persistent nature and poor removal by conventional wastewater treatment, ICM can often remain unchanged after entering the environment or they are transformed into many different by-products in complex physical, chemical, and biological processes. Large amounts of ICM and their by-products are found in natural waters, groundwater, drinking water (up to 100 lg/L), and even in soil, where they can be a potential threat to the inhabitants of these environments. Because knowledge about the fate of ICM in various environments is dispersed and it concerns specific areas, the main purpose of this review is to summarize the available information about their occurrence, chemical and biological transformation/degradation, and toxicity to living organisms. The topics discussed particularly focus on mechanisms of ICM degradation/transformation in water using advanced oxidation processes and the biotransformation/biodegradation of ICM by microorganisms under different conditions, as well as the toxicity of ICM and their transformation byproducts to humans and other organisms. Although environmental risk is not expected from the parent compounds of ICM, their continuous input to the water and the formation of toxic by-products may constitute a long-term potential risk for living organisms. Therefore, monitoring the transport and fate of ICM in various environments seems necessary

The impact of commercial polyphenolic extracts on meat spoilage bacteria

According to Regulation 178/2002 (EU) spoiled food is considered unsafe. One of the most susceptible to microbial spoilage products are raw and processed meat. Because of its rich chemical composition, high water activity and pH, meat is an excellent habitat for numerous microorganisms [1]. The combination of VP, MAP and natural antimicrobial agents could be very promising Polyphenols can be potentially used as natural preservatives. They have been reported to have a variety of biological effects including antimicrobial activities. The aim of the study was the investigation of influence of black carrot and red cabbage extracts on meat spoilage bacteria