Women prisoners in the criminal justice system : towards equal treatment and recognition of difference : a thesis presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts (Social Policy), Massey University

This thesis is about the extent to which women who have received custodial sentences have their criminogenic needs met: that is how they are assisted to lead good lives without further offending. I approached the thesis from the perspective that women who have been imprisoned are entitled to be treated equally with men: to be imprisoned for the same seriousness of offences. They should have the same benefits, such as contact with families. They should at least receive the same level and quality of preparation for life after prison and equal standards of accommodation. In addition the genuine social differences between men and women should be recognized. Women are usually the main caregivers for children. Typical women prisoners are also solo parents, and so have the financial responsibility for of financial support for children as well as care. However, most of the women have few qualifications or opportunities for making a living to support their families that does not involve law-breaking. A recognition of these differences should lead to some supports being provided to women prisoners, such as education and training. In my interviews with women ex-prisoners and prison managers, and in surveying the literature I found that neither women's rights to equal treatment nor their differences were adequately reecognised in past or present penal policy. Whilst it is true that the minority status of the female prison population poses challenges for policy, it does not explain the systematic disadvantage faced by women in prison. There are alternative policies which could very well be more appropriate and some of these are set out in the concluding chapter to the thesis

Electroencephalographic studies of sleep

Various experimental studies on sleep are described. The following areas are discussed: (1) effect of altered day length on sleep, (2) effect of a partial loss of sleep on subsequent nocturnal sleep; (3) effect of rigid control over sleep-wake-up times; (4) sleep and wakefulness in a time-free environment; (5) distribution of spindles during a full night of sleep; and (6) effect on sleep and performance of swiftly changing shifts of work

BIORATIONAL INSECTICIDE ADOPTION AND CONVENTIONAL INSECTICIDE USE: A SIMULTANEOUS, LIMITED DEPENDENT VARIABLE MODEL

Using data reporting section-level pesticide use for all of Arizona, this study estimates how early-season adoption of new biorational insecticides reduced subsequent broad-spectrum insecticide applications in cotton. The two-stage econometric model accounts for the endogeneity and censoring of the adoption intensity variable. One biorational application substituted for 3.66 broad-spectrum applications.Crop Production/Industries,

Pesticide Application Research Demonstrated at a Field Day Event

single fungicide was applied through four nozzle-types and four water-carrier volumes targeting a common foliar disease in turfgrass. Most golf course superintendents surveyed use the same nozzle-type for all pesticide applications, but this field study indicated better disease control from the fungicide applied through certain nozzle-types and water-carrier volumes. As a result, most superintendents intended to make improvements to their pesticide application programs, and many had a highly favorable view of including this type of research at future field day events

Improvements in the South African HIV care cascade: findings on 90-90-90 targets from successive population-representative surveys in North West Province.

IntroductionTo achieve epidemic control of HIV by 2030, countries aim to meet 90-90-90 targets to increase knowledge of HIV-positive status, initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) and viral suppression by 2020. We assessed the progress towards these targets from 2014 to 2016 in South Africa as expanded treatment policies were introduced using population-representative surveys.MethodsData were collected in January to March 2014 and August to November 2016 in Dr. Ruth Segomotsi Mompati District, North West Province. Each multi-stage cluster sample included 46 enumeration areas (EA), a target of 36 dwelling units (DU) per EA, and a single resident aged 18 to 49 per DU. Data collection included behavioural surveys, rapid HIV antibody testing and dried blood spot collection. We used weighted general linear regression to evaluate differences in the HIV care continuum over time.ResultsOverall, 1044 and 971 participants enrolled in 2014 and 2016 respectively with approximately 77% undergoing HIV testing. Despite increases in reported testing, known status among people living with HIV (PLHIV) remained similar at 68.7% (95% Confidence Interval (CI) = 60.9-75.6) in 2014 and 72.8% (95% CI = 63.6-80.4) in 2016. Men were consistently less likely than women to know their status. Among those with known status, PLHIV on ART increased significantly from 80.9% (95% CI = 71.9-87.4) to 91.5% (95% CI = 84.4-95.5). Viral suppression (<5000 copies/mL using DBS) among those on ART increased significantly from 55.0% (95% CI = 39.6-70.4) in 2014 to 81.4% (95% CI = 72.0-90.8) in 2016. Among all PLHIV an estimated 72.0% (95% CI = 63.8-80.1) of women and 45.8% (95% CI = 27.0-64.7) of men achieved viral suppression by 2016.ConclusionsOver a period during which fixed-dose combination was introduced, ART eligibility expanded, and efforts to streamline treatment were implemented, major improvements in the second and third 90-90-90 targets were achieved. Achieving the first 90 target will require targeted and improved testing models for men