The Evolution of Grain Policy Beyond Europe: Ottoman Grain Administration in the Late Eighteenth Century

During the second half of the eighteenth century, the Ottoman policy-makers adopted a more liberal attitude towards price formation in the Ottoman grain markets. This was accompanied by the fiscal and administrative centralization of the grain trade. These seemingly contradictory policy changes could, in part, be explained in the context of conjectural changes in grain demand and supply, which rendered pre-emptive privileges and price controls less effective. The policy change, however, was not only a practical response to the strains on the pre-existing supply network but also reflected a new concern with the state of agricultural production along with the emergence of emulation as a development strategy.Ottoman economic institutions, grain markets, liberalization

Elastoplastic stress analysis of functionally graded disc under internal pressure– complas XII

The study deals with elastoplastic stress analysis of a hollow disk made of functionally graded materials (FGMs) subjected to an internal pressure. The material properties of disc are assumed to vary radially according to power law function, but Poisson’s ratio is taken constant. Small deformations and a state of plane stress are presumed, and the analysis of disk is based on Von-Mises yield criterion. The materials are assumed to be linear strain hardening, isotropic and not be affected by temperature. Variation of stresses and displacements according to gradient parameters are investigated by using analytical and finite element method. The results show that gradient parameters have an important role in determining the elastoplastic stress of functionally graded disc

Investigation of experimental research on the low velocity impact damage behavior of ncf composite plates – COMPLAS XII

In this study an experimental investigation is performed on the impact response of non-crimp fabric composite plates at room temperature. Chopped strand mat combi is used as reinforcing material and two kinds of matrix; epoxy and polyester, are also used as resin material in the composite plates. All specimens used in experiments are manufactured by vacuum assisted resin infusion method at Atard Defence and Aerospace Advanced Technology Application Research and Development Inc. An instrumented drop weight impact testing machine Instron-Dynatup 9250 HV is used for impact testing. Impact tests are performed under various impact energies ranging from initiation of damage to final perforation. Damage processes of the samples are analyzed from cross-examining load– deflection curves, energy profiling method and damaged specimens

An Evaluation on the Determinants of FinancialDevelopment: Literature Survey

In the economic development process, important role of financial sector has long been emphasized in the literature. Especially with the emergence of endogenous growth theory, this relationship has again become very attractive and it is stated that financial development is one of the determinants of economic growth. However this whole literature did not sufficiently explain how the financial development occurs. Financial liberalization hypothesis has been a starting point to explain the financial development. In addition, recently, it is seen that studies which examine the process of financial development has increasingly increased and, within this vein, it is emphasized that legal origin, liberalizations of foreign trade and capital account, institutional structure, deposit insurance, efficient supervision and regulation and policy framework for macro economy influence financial developmentFinancial Development, Financial Liberalization, Legal Origin, Domestic and External Liberalization, Deposit Insurance, Efficient Supervision and Regulation

Pelajar baharu pelajari budaya keusahawanan dalam kampus

Seramai 376 orang pelajar pengajian diploma Universiti Malaysia Pahang (UMP) diterapkan dengan asas pembudayaan keusahawanan di dalam kampus melalui penganjuran Seminar Pembudayaan Keusahawanan Pelajar Baru IPT sesi 2013/2014 yang dianjurkan Pusat Keusahawanan UMP dengan kerjasama Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia

Investigation of flow-flow, flow-surface, and multiphase interaction problems in rarefied gas dynamics

Presently, with the development of technology, the need to study and understand high-speed rarefied gas flows has become an impending reality in terms of its potential assets to a wide spectrum of industries, ranging from interplanetary travel to coating technology. This study addresses the interactions of high-speed rariefied gas flows with one another, surfaces, and solid particles in order to ascertain high-speed rarefied gas behaviours in various applications. Three different interaction scenarios -two of which rely on numerical analysis and one which is based on the development of a novel solver- are investigated, where computations are conducted with a direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) solver, dsmcFoam+, and a particle laden rarefied gas multiphase flow solver, rarefiedMultiphaseFoam, within the framework of an open-source tool, OpenFOAM. Rarefied shock-shock interactions have a crucial impact on aerodynamic performance and aero-heating characteristics in supersonic and hypersonic flight platforms. A shock-shock interaction problem can arise in high-speed vehicles, where an oblique shock on one part of the body impinges on a bow shock from a different part of the body and the nature of the interaction can change as the vehicle increases in altitude to a more rarefied environment. Part of this research examines the outcomes of a numerical study investigating the formation of Edney shock patterns from type-I to type-VI as a result of shock-shock interactions at different rarefaction levels. The free-stream flow is at a Mach number of 10. Both geometrical and rarefaction parameters in shock-shock interaction problems determine what type of Edney pattern is formed. As the flow becomes more rarefied, the regions of enhanced thermo mechanical loading spread further over the surface but their peak values decrease. It is known that these shock interactions can have unsteady behaviour in the continuum regime; current works show that although increasing rarefaction tends to move the flow towards steady behaviour, it still possible to have unsteady flow behaviour under more rarefied conditions. In another case, the interactions of high-speed rarefied flows with one another and a surface are analysed. The canting axis of thrusters on space platforms, which likely operate in a vacuum environment with a high degree of flow rarefaction, is significant in order to create the desired torque for manoeuvring, maintaining orbit, eliminating perturbation forces, docking, etc. Therefore, the interactions of expanding plumes with one another and with solid surfaces in multi-nozzle arrays are inevitable. In order to gain a better understanding of the effect of nozzle configurations and conditions on the plume-plume and plume-surface interactions, a simulation matrix is carried out for a sonic nozzle. As nozzle arrays are packed more tightly together, the plume-plume interactions become stronger, which has an influence on the stagnation line density and temperature profiles. For a given stagnation temperature, the spacing between nozzles in the array does not have a strong influence on the normalised surface pressure, but there is an increase in the maximum normalised shear stress as the distance between the nozzles increases. There is a significant difference in the results for double and quadruple nozzle arrays, with greater normalised stagnation pressures and shear stresses found as the number of nozzles in the array is increased. For a single nozzle, increasing the stagnation temperature does not have a significant effect on the normalised surface pressures, but does increase the maximum normalised shear stress and the measured heat flux on the surface. For arrays of double and quadruple nozzles, the number of nozzles has a much greater influence on the measured surface pressure, surface shear stress, and surface heat transfer than the stagnation temperature. In the last case, the effect of the impingement height on the plume and surface parameters is discussed while maintaining all the parameters of the 1000 K single plume case but with varying impingement heights. It is found that the smaller impingement height results in a denser plume, and a greater impact on the surface. However, higher impingement heights result in a wider distribution on the surface as the plume can expand more. With the awareness of a lack of a solver for rarefied gas flows-solid particle interactions, the final case in this thesis focuses on the development, benchmarking and testing of a multiphase open-source code, rarefiedMultiphaseFoam. Such a solver provides applicable benefits such as modelling of the transport of unburnt solid propellant in rocket a plume, and simulating of the impingement of two-phase plume on a surface in a vacuum environment, as well as providing numerical solutions in terms of surface coating technology, where multiphase gas and solid flows are employed, etc. This dsmcFoam+ based solver is capable of simulating one-way coupling interactions. This type of particle-laden rarefied gas flow has two components: the rarefied gas flow itself and the solid particles transported by the gas flow. The main restriction is that the solid phase surrounded by the gas phase is assumed to be in the free-molecular regime with respect to the solid particle diameters and that it is a one-way coupling, so that only the effect of gas particles on the solid particles is considered. rarefiedMultiphaseFoam can produce results for steady and transient one-way coupling problems in zero-dimensional (0D), one-dimesion (1D), two-dimensions (2D) (both planar and maxisymmetric), and three-dimensions (3D). Two benchmarking cases on momentum and energy transfer from gas molecules to solid particles, and free expansion of a two-phase jet flow are presented. The reliability of the solver is further demonstrated through a test case on surface coating using the Aerosol Deposition Method. The benchmarking cases yield results that are in good agreement with theoretical, experimental, and numerical data in the literature

Closure of round cutaneous defects progressively with the purse string suture technique

Introduction: There are many closure techniques available to cutaneous surgeons. One of them is the purse-string suture which is used to provide complete or partial closure of round skin defects. In our  animal study; we closed skin defects with using subcuticular purse string suture technique by progressively cinching wound and we aim to more rapidly healing according to secondary healing.Methods: After anaesthetize, we created a 4 cm diameter circular full thickness skin defect on dorsal area of rats. In group 1, subcuticular purse string suture was applied by using a nonabsorbable and  monofilament suture and a sliding arthroscopic knot was applied to both ends. Arthroscopic suture was shift 1 cm forward every day. In group 2 skin defect was leaved open and daily dressing was made and in both group defect diameters were measured every day and noted. Results: The skin defects were closed totally after 15 days in group 1 but in group 2 defects were reduced but still had a mean 1,5-cm diameter sircular defect. Conclusion: Closing large circular wound with purse string suture and gradual tightening decreases the  healing time and expand the skin tissue without using any tissue expander.Key words: Purse string suture technique, skin defect, tissue expander, primary healing, secondary healing, round defect

A Heuristic Algorithm for Mobility-aware Location Obfuscation

Mobile users not only use on-demand location-based services increasingly (e.g., checking in on online social networks), but also other mobile applications that provide a service based on location traces of users (e.g., fitness tracking, health monitoring, etc.). This type of continuous tracking of user location introduces specific challenges to protection of location-privacy of mobile users. One of the challenges is ensuring the preservation of privacy levels of user location over time. Also, it is essential to build a location obfuscation area that results in high confusion for an adversary. In this paper, we address these challenges by proposing and evaluating a heuristic obfuscation algorithm that is mobility aware. Specifically, our heuristic algorithm reasons about a user's next location by taking into account user mobility history and direction of movement. Our experiments show that our approach outperforms a mobility-agnostic random obfuscation mechanism

Lunar plume-surface interactions using rarefiedMultiphaseFoam

Understanding plume-surface interactions is essential to the design of lander modules and potential bases on bodies such as the Moon, as it is important to predict erosion patterns on the surface and the transport of the displaced regolith material. Experimentally, it is difficult to replicate the extra-terrestrial conditions (e.g. the effects of reduced gravity). Existing numerical tools have limited accessibility and different levels of sophistication in the modelling of regolith entrainment and subsequent transport. In this work, a fully transient open source code for solving rarefied multiphase flows, rarefiedMultiphaseFoam, is updated with models to account for solid-solid interactions and applied to rocket exhaust plume-lunar regolith interactions. Two different models to account for the solid-solid collisions are considered; at relatively low volume fractions, a stochastic collision model, and at higher volume fractions the higher fidelity multiphase particle-in-cell (MPPIC) method. Both methods are applied to a scaled down version of the Apollo era lunar module descent engine and comparisons are drawn between the transient simulation results. It is found that the transient effects are important for the gas phase, with the shock structure and stand-off height changing as the regolith is eroded by the plume. Both models predict cratering at early times and similar dispersion characteristics as the viscous erosion becomes dominant. In general, the erosion processes are slower with the multiphase particle-in-cell method because it accounts for more physical effects, such as enduring contacts and a maximum packing limit. It is found that even if the initial volume fraction is low, the stochastic collision method can become unreliable as the plume impinges on the surface and compresses the regolith particles, invalidating the method’s assumption of only binary collisions. Additionally, it is shown that the breakdown of the locally free-molecular flow assumption that is used to calculate the drag and heat transfer on the solid particles has a strong influence on the temperatures that the solid particles obtain