Norms of anthropometric, body composition measures and prevalence of overweight and obesity in urban populations of Iran

زمینه و هدف: تدوین هنجارهای ملی برای اندازه‌های پیکری و ترکیب بدنی و نیز تعیین شیوع اضافه وزن و چاقی به دلیل ارتباط آن با بیماری‌های مزمن از ضروریات جوامع امروزی است. این پژوهش با هدف تهیه‌ی این هنجارها در جمعیت‌های شهری ایران طراحی و اجرا شد. روش بررسی: در این پژوهش مقطعی که از نوع توصیفی – تحلیلی بود، 991 نفر مرد و 1188 نفر زن با دامنه سنی 15 تا 64 سال به شیوه در دسترس از شهرهای اردبیل، اصفهان، اهواز، تهران، رشت، کرمان و مشهد فراخوان شدند. شاخص توده‌ی بدن (BMI)، دور کمر (WC)، نسبت دور کمر به لگن (WHR)، نسبت دور کمر به قد (WHtR) و درصد چربی بدن آزمودنی‌ها اندازه‌گیری شد. داده ها با استفاده از آزمون های t مستقل، ضریب همبستگی جزیی تعدیل شده و تحلیل واریانس یک طرفه در نرم افزار SPSS تجزیه و تحلیل شدند. یافته‌ها: با توجه به اندازه‌های BMI، 49 مردان و 53 زنان دارای اضافه وزن یا چاقی بودند که 2/10 مردان و 6/18 زنان چاق بودند. در هر گروه سنی، مردان درصد چربی کمتری نسبت به زنان داشتند (001/0>P). در هر دوی مردان و زنان شیوع اضافه وزن در میان رده‌ی سنی 49-40 سال و شیوع چاقی در رده‌ی سنی بالای 50 سال بیشتر از سنین دیگر بود. نتیجه‌گیری: یافته‌های پژوهش حاضر ضمن ارایه‌ی هنجارهای ملی، شیوع بالای اضافه وزن و چاقی عمومی و شکمی را در هر دو جنسیت در جمعیت‌های شهری ایران نشان داد که بیانگر لزوم ارزیابی‌های مستمر و ارایه‌ی برنامه‌های مداخله‌ای در جهت کنترل و پیشگیری از اختلال‌های مرتبط با چاقی مانند دیابت می‌باش

The Second to Fourth Digit Ratio in Elite and Non-Elite Greco-Roman Wrestlers

A low second-to-fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) has been reported to correlate with high performance and athletic potential of an individual in sport. It has been suggested that 2D:4D is a relatively weak predictor of strength and a stronger predictor of efficiency in aerobic exercise. Comparing extreme groups on a continuum of sports performance requiring high power (physical strength) output would be helpful to resolve this issue. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to compare the 2D:4D ratio of world-class elite Greco-Roman wrestlers (n = 10) taking part in Olympic fitness camps in 2013 with the 2D:4D ratio of non-elite collegiate wrestlers (n = 20), and age-matched sedentary males (n = 40). The 2D:4D ratios of elite wrestlers were lower compared to non-elite athletes (p < 0.01, right hand d = 1.70, left hand d = 1.67) and the control group (p < 0.0001, right hand d = 3.16, left hand d = 2.00). No significant differences were noted among the groups for right - left 2D:4D. We concluded that 2D:4D may discriminate between non-elite and world-class wrestlers. We also suggest that a low 2D:4D ratio could be linked to performance potential in wrestlers. As such, 2D:4D may provide additional information, which is valuable in determining the potential athleticism of an individual, when it is used in conjunction with other measures. © 2017 Editorial Committee of Journal of Human Kinetics 2017

INFLAMMATORY MARKERS AND ADIPOCYTOKINE RESPONSES TO EXERCISE TRAINING AND DETRAINING IN MEN WHO ARE OBESE

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of nonlinear resistance training (NRT) and aerobic interval training (AIT), and detraining on selected inflammatory markers in men who are middle aged and obese. Subjects first were matched by aerobic capacity, age, and percentage body fat and then randomly assigned to NRT (n = 12), AIT (n = 10) and, control (CON, n = 11) groups. The experimental groups performed 3 weekly sessions for 12 weeks followed by a 4-week detraining period. Nonlinear resistance training consisted of 40-65 minutes of weight training with flexible periodization. Aerobic interval training consisted of running on a treadmill (4 x 4 minutes at 80-90 maximal heart rate, with 3-minute recovery intervals). Compared with CON, serum levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a) did not significantly change after training, but adiponectin (ADPN) increased significantly only with AIT (5.09 +/- 2.29 vs. 4.36 +/- 0.84 mg mu.ml(-1)). No significant changes in CRP and TNF-a occurred in both training groups after detraining, but ADPN (NRT: 3.6 +/- 1.2 and AIT: 3.4 +/- 1.7 vs. CON: 4.7 +/- 1.2 mg mu.ml(-1)) and IL-6 (NRT: 5.8 +/- 3.3 and AIT: 5.5 +/- 2.9 vs. CON: 2.3 +/- 1.2 pg mu.ml(-1)) worsened significantly. Both the AIT and NRT were equally effective at reducing soluble intercellular cell adhesion molecule 1 (NRT: 187.2 +/- 117.5 and AIT: 215.2 +/- 142.4 vs. CON: 416.2 +/- 205.9 ng mu.ml(-1)) and insulin (NRT: 4.0 +/- 1.0 and AIT: 4.8 +/- 2.7 vs. CON: 7.4 +/- 3.0 mU mu.ml(-1)) levels, but these variables returned to the pretraining levels after detraining. The practical applications are that both the AIT and NRT and detraining had similar effects on most inflammatory markers in men who are obese, but the AIT seems to have better anti-inflammatory effects (as indicated by ADPN) compared with NRT

Digit ratios and motor and health-related fitness in pre-adolescent females

Background: Assessing different aspects of physical fitness in children whose abilities are undeveloped and their associations with second-to-fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) may better determine the potential athleticism of an individual. Aim: The purpose of the study was to examine relationships between the digit ratios and selected motor and health-related fitness parameters in a large sample of pre-adolescent females. Subjects and methods: Participants included 8�12 year old Iranian and Afghan girls. The length of the left and right second and fourth digits was measured by scanning and computer-assisted image analysis. Motor- and health-related fitness tests were evaluated. Results: No significant correlations were noted between right 2D:4D ratio and physical fitness components. Left 2D:4D and physical fitness components were not correlated, with the exception of handgrip strength (r = �0.193). However, right and left second digit lengths were negatively correlated with predicted VO2max (p � 0.01). In addition, right�left 2D:4D was significantly negatively correlated with flexibility, and significantly positively correlated with height and body fat percentage. Conclusion: In contrast to previous investigations, it seems that left 2D:4D is a predictor of strength, but not aerobic exercise. It is suggested there may be a potential relationship between prenatal androgen exposure and high flexibility, low body fat percentage and the generation of muscular strength in pre-adolescent females. © 2019, © 2019 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group

Investigating the Effect of Endurance Training on Tumor Level of IL-8 and Serum Level of IL-17 in Female Mice with Breast Cancer

Background & Objectives: Breast cancer is nowadays one of the most harmful threats to women&rsquo;s health. However, exercise training plays an adjuvant role in breast cancer (Adjuvant also means preventive. So, no need to repeat preventing.). Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the effect of 6-week endurance training on the levels of&nbsp;interleukin-8 in the tumor and Interleukin-17 in the serum of mice suffering from breast cancer. &nbsp;Materials & Methods: In this study, 20 female Balb/C mice were randomly divided into exercise-tumor (RET) and rest-tumor (RRT) groups. The mice were oriented in the environment, and one million estrogen-dependent breast cancer cells (MC4L2) were injected into the top of the right thigh of each mouse. Subsequently, the RET group performed the endurance exercise 5 days per week for 6 weeks. The tumor volume was measured by a digital caliper each week. Finally, the mice were sacrificed, and the tumor tissue was removed and kept in -70&deg;C. Then, ELISA method was performed and the data were collected. Results: After 6 weeks of training, a significant decrease was observed in the RTE group in the serum level of IL-17 and IL-8 protein in tumor (P< 0.05). These results were consistent with the tumor growth rate. Conclusion: The findings of the present study indicate that endurance training can reduce IL-8 and IL-17 proteins in the tumor and serum of mice ill with breast cancer. Therefore, the physical activity is utilized as an important factor in the improvement of adjutant therapy along with other therapeutic methods to treat breast cancer