Denizli, Turkey

Rapid economic growth, increasing population and change in living standards contribute to increasing the generation rate of municipal solid waste (MSW) in Denizli city, like other Turkish cities. The improper and poor MSW management system (old system) in Denizli caused environmental problems originating from the uncontrolled release of methane and leachate. In addition, the disposal of recyclable materials in unsanitary landfills is responsible for the consumption and destruction of natural sources.This paper presents a general overview of old and new MSW management practices in Denizli. Detailed data on MSW management practices including collection, transportation, disposal and recycling have been presented. The amount of solid waste generated in Denizli over the last decade has increased steadily over the years, from 108,500 tons in 1995 to 179,495 tons in 2006. The average MSW generation rate was found to be 1.23 kg/day per capita. The major constituent of MSW in Denizli is food waste, but the percentage of recyclable waste has increased significantly recently. Except for metal wastes, the percentages of recyclable waste materials in Denizli are higher than in all neighborhood cities.The objective of this study is to compare the old and new MSW management systems in Denizli city. The MSW management system has been changed entirely last five years. A dumpsite was closed and a sanitary landfill with a composting facility was constructed. Ill addition, source separated collection has been carried out since 2002. The quantity of recyclable waste collected increased from 195 to 1549 tons. The amount of recyclable waste will continue to be increased by expanding the source separation collection system to all the districts of the city and preventing scavenging. Thus, revenue from recyclable waste ($7227 in 2006) is expected to increase. In addition, the capacity of the composting facility will be increased. Most importantly, information to increase public participation and awareness in municipal recovery programs has to be provided. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

anaerobic hybrid/aerobic CSTR systems

Leachate generated in municipal solid waste landfill contains large amounts of organic and inorganic contaminants. In the scope of the study, characterization and anaerobic/aerobic treatability of leachate from Denizli (Turkey) Sanitary Landfill were investigated. Time-based fluctuations in characteristics of leachate were monitored during a one-year period. In characterization study; chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) dissolved oxygen, temperature, pH, alkalinity, volatile fatty acids, total nitrogen, NH4-N, BOD5/COD ratio, suspended solid, inert COD, anaerobic toxicity assay and heavy metals concentrations in leachate were monitored. Average COD, BOD and NH4-N concentration in leachate were measured as 18034 mg/l, 11504 mg/l and 454 mg/l, respectively. Generally, pollution parameters in leachate were higher in summer and relatively lower in winter due to dilution by precipitation. For treatment of leachate, two different reactors, namely anaerobic hybrid and aerobic completely stirred tank reactor (CSTR) having effective volumes of 17.7 and 10.5 litres, respectively, were used. After 41 days of start-up period, leachate was loaded to hybrid reactor at 10 different organic loading rates (OLRs). OLR was increased by increasing COD concentrations. COD removal efficiency of hybrid reactor was carried out at a maximum of 91%. A percentage of 96% of residual COD was removed in the aerobic reactor. NH4-N removal rate in CSTR was quite high. In addition, high methane content was obtained as 64% in the hybrid reactor. At the end of the study, after 170 operation days, it can be said that the hybrid reactor and CSTR were very effective for leachate treatment

Anaerobic/aerobic treatability of livestock wastewater

The agriculture and livestock sectors increased their production capacities by the increasing population. Thus, the environmental risks arising from the farms and agricultural areas that are generating more waste are also increased. Especially, animal wastes cannot be taken under control and unconsciously thrown into rivers, estuaries, open areas or irrigation canals, resulting in the destruction of the biological structure of the region soil and the endangered environmental health of insect, mosquito and odor problems. Surface and groundwater exposure to nitrogen and phosphorus pollution affects the health of all living things in the region. In addition, various gases resulting from waste accumulation rapidly pollute the regional air and cause the propagation of harmful microorganisms. From the environmental problems created by the wastewater, the treatment of the livestock wastewater sequential anaerobic upflow sludge bed reactor / aerobic continuous stirred tank reactor has been investigated. An aerobic CSTR reactor was used to break down the residual organic pollution following the anaerobic UASB reactor. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal and the amount of methane gas were measured at different organic loading rates (3.53-10.59 kg COD/m(3)day) in the system. In study, the highest COD removal efficiency in anaerobic UASB reactor was reached as 90.3% at an organic loading rate of 7.06 kgCOD/m(3)day. The highest measured methane gas rate in the biogas formed in the anaerobic treatment section was 65%. The results show that the treatability of the livestock wastewater is a good alternative anaerobic upflow sludge bed reactor / aerobic continuous mixing tank reactor.C1 [Cincin, Roda Gokce Yilmaz; Agdag, Osman Nuri] Pamukkale Univ, Muhendislik Fak, Cevre Muhendisligi Bolumu, Denizli, Turkey

municipal solid waste

This study investigated the effects of organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) addition on the anaerobic treatment of the olive-mill pomace. Biodegradability of olive-mill pomace mixed with OFMSW was examined in anaerobic bioreactors. Only OFMSW was loaded in the first (control) bioreactor, while run 1 and run 2 bioreactors included different ratio of OFMSW and olive-mill pomace. COD, BOD5, NH4-N, pH, VFA, CH4 quantity and percentage in anaerobic bioreactors were regularly monitored. In addition, inert COD and anaerobic toxicity assay (ATA) were measured in leachate samples. The results of the study showed that 70% of OFMSW addition to olive-mill pomace has an advantage in terms of pollution parameters and methane generation. Since olive-mill pomace is not easy biodegradable, addition of high proportion of OFMSW promotes biodegradability of olive-mill pomace. Decreasing in BOD5/COD ratios in the run 1 and run 2 reactors carried out as 62 and 52%, respectively

TREATMENT OF CHEESE WHEY USING ANAEROBIC HYBRID/AEROBIC CSTR SYSTEMS

The volume of wastewaters originating from dairy production has been increasing day by day parallel with the increasing dairy production and 90 percent of those wastewaters consist of cheese whey wastewater. Cheese whey has a high strength structure and cannot be treated by only aerobic biological treatment. The scope of this study, was to investigate the treatment of cheese whey wastewater in a system consisting of an anaerobic hybrid reactor followed by CSTR. Bio-one (TM) (microbial liquid fertilizer) was used to accelerate the start-up period of the anaerobic hybrid reactor. Bio-one (TM) addition to the anaerobic sludge resulted significantly high COD removal efficiency and methane generation with shorter acclimation period in the start-up phase. In this study, maximum COD.m(-3).d(-1) removal efficiency (91 %) was obtained at 2.53 kg OLR and 3.2 days of HRT in anaerobic hybrid reactor. Total COD removal efficiency of the sequential anaerobic/aerobic system was 96 %. It can be concluded that operating an anaerobic hybrid reactor after a CSTR for 412 days was an effective method for the treatment of cheese whey wastewater

Sequential anaerobic, aerobic/anoxic treatment of simulated landfill leachate.

In this study COD, ammonia and nitrate were treated through methanogenesis, nitrification denitrification and anammox processes in anaerobic-aerobic and anaerobic/anoxic sequential in leachate samples produced from municipal solid waste in an anaerobic simulated landfilling bioreactor. The experiments were performed in an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor (UASB), aerobic completely stirred tank reactor (CSTR) and upflow anaerobic/anoxic sludge blanket reactor (UA/A(N)SB). Hydraulic retention times in anaerobic, aerobic and anaerobic/anoxic stages were 1, 3.6 and 1 days, respectively, through 244 days of total operation period with 168 days of adaptation period of microorganisms to the reactors. The organic loading rates increased from 5.9 to 50 kg COD m(-3) day(-1). The total COD and TN removal efficiencies of the anaerobic-aerobic-anoxic system were 96% and 99%, respectively, at an influent OLR as high as 50 kg COD m(-3) day(-1). The maximum methane percentage in the UASB reactor was 82% while the methane percentage was zero in UA/A(N)SB reactor for the aforementioned OLR at the end of steady-state conditions. NH4-N removal efficiency of the aerobic reactor was 90% while anaerobic ammonia oxidation was measured as 99% in the anoxic reactor. The denitrification efficiency was 99% in the same reactor. Total TN removal of the whole system was 99%

Effect of alkalinity on the performance of a simulated landfill bioreactor digesting organic solid wastes

This study investigated the effects of alkalinity on the anaerobic treatment of the organic solid wastes collected from the kitchen of Engineering Faculty in Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey and the leachate characteristics treated in three simulated landfill anaerobic bioreactors. All of the reactors were operated with leachate recirculation. One reactor was operated without alkalinity addition. The second reactor was operated by the addition of 3 gl(-1) d(-1) of NaHCO3 alkalinity to the leachate and the third reactor was operated by the addition of 6 gl(-1) d(-1) NaHCO3 alkalinity to the leachate. After 65 d of anaerobic incubation, it was observed that the chemical oxygen demand (COD), volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentrations, and biochemical oxygen demand to chemical oxygen demand (BOD5/COD) ratios in the leachate samples produced from the alkalinity added reactors were lower than the control reactor while the,pH values were higher than the control reactor. The COD values were measured as 18 900, 3800 and 2900 mg l(-1) while the VFA concentrations were 6900, 1400 and 1290 mg l(-1), respectively, in the leachate samples of the control, and reactors containing 3 g l(-1) NaHCO3 and 6 g l(-1) NaHCO3 after 65 d of anaerobic incubation. The total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) and ammonium nitrogen (NH4-N) concentrations in organic solid waste (OSW) significantly reduced in the reactor containing 6 g l(-1) NaHCO3 by d 65. The values of pH were 6.54, 7.19 and 7.3 1, after 65 d of anaero\bic incubation, respectively, in the aforementioned reactors results in neutral environmental conditions in alkalinity added reactors. Methane percentage of the control, reactors containing 3 gl(-1) NaHCO3 and 6 gl(-1) NaHCO3 were 37%, 64% and 65%, respectively, after 65 d of incubation. BOD5/COD ratios of 0.27 and 0.25 were achieved in the 3 and 6 g l(-1) NaHCO3 containing reactors, indicating a better OSW stabilization. Alkalinity addition reduced the waste quantity, the organic content of the solid waste and the biodegradation time. (c) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

anaerobic simulated landfilling bioreactors

In this study, the feasibility of the anaerobic co-digestion of a mixed industrial sludge with municipal solid wastes (MSW) was investigated in three simulated anaerobic landfilling bioreactors during a 150-day period. All of the reactors were operated with leachate recirculation. One of them was loaded only with MSW (control reactor); the second reactor was loaded with mixed industrial sludge and MSW, the weight ratio of the MSW to mixed industrial sludge was 1:1 (based on dry solid) (Run 1); the third reactor was loaded with mixed industrial sludge and MSW, the weight ratio of the MSW to mixed industrial sludge was 1:2 (based on dry solid) (Run 2). The VFA concentrations decreased significantly in Run 1 and Run 2 reactors at the end of 150 days. The pH values were higher in Run 1 and Run 2 reactors compared to control reactor. The differences between leachate characteristics, the biodegradation and the bioefficiency of the reactors were compared. The NH4-N concentrations released to leachate from mixed sludge in Run 1 and Run 2 reactors were lower than that of control reactor. The BOD5/COD ratios in Run 1 and Run 2 reactors were lower than that of control reactor at the end of 150 days. Cumulative methane gas productions and methane percentages were higher in Run 1 and Run 2 reactors. Reductions in waste quantity, carbon percentage and settlement of the waste were better in Run 1 and Run 2 reactors compared to control reactor at the end of 150 days. Furthermore, TN and TP removals in waste were higher in reactors containing industrial sludge compared to control. The toxicity test results showed that toxicity was observed in reactors containing; industrial mixed sludge. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Firemen with small Fire Truck

Circa mid 1940s. Unidentified men standing with truck in front of Murray Fire Station. Courtesy of Judy Webe