Muon as a composite fermion from the three charged electron-like leptons in the bound state in the continuum

For many-particle systems the mass of the bound states in the continuum (BIC) is greater than the total mass of the initial particles. BICs which are stable and not-decaying, have been found and studied in detail in various fields of physics. But, as far as we know, in particle physics such states have not yet been analyzed. The idea of this work is to apply the BIC phenomenon to some elementary particles and, in particular, to the description of muons. This study focuses on a composite fermion formed by the three charged electron-like leptons in BIC, with the mass of 207 electron masses. The structure of the positive charged composite fermion is formed by the two positron and the electron, $(e^{+}e^{+}e^{-})_{BIC}$, and the negatively charged composite fermion is considered as $(e^{-}e^{-}e^{+})_{BIC}$. In this theory the free electron and free positron are treated as ordinary, different particles, each being characterized by the complete set of the Dirac plane waves. The integral equation for the wave function of the composite fermion is derived by using the Bethe and Salpeter equation with account for the lowest order of the pair interaction for the three particles. An approximate solution of this equation gave results for the massive fermion wave function that predicted the particle radius equal to 16 fm. The representation of the muon as the composite fermion formed by the three charged electron-like leptons in BIC, is analyzed. Only in the case of considering the electron and positron as ordinary, different particles, the possible decay channels of this heavy composite fermion do not contradict those for the muons.Comment: 16 pages, 5 figure

Reconstructing Images from Projections Using the Maximum-Entropy Method. Numerical Simulations of Low-Aspect Astrotomography

The reconstruction of images from a small number of projections using the maximum-entropy method (MEM) with the Shannon entropy is considered. MEM provides higher-quality image reconstruction for sources with extended components than the Hogbom CLEAN method, which is also used in low-aspect astrotomography. The quality of image reconstruction for sources with mixed structure containing bright, compact features embedded in a comparatively weak, extended base can be further improved using a difference-mapping method, which requires a generalization of MEM for the reconstruction of sign-variable functions.We draw conclusions based on the results of numerical simulations for a number of model radio sources with various morphologies.Comment: 11 pages, 9 figure

Transfer in Implicit Learning

The article describes the research, the aim of which is to discover the effect of transfer of the implicit knowledge of artificial grammar to solving of sensory-motor tasks. The article considers the role of implicit knowledge in actual cognitive activity. Forty volunteers took part in the experiment. Participants of the experiment wereimplicitly taught the rule of artificial grammar. At the control phase, the assignment consisted of solving the sensory-motor problem – to react to the appearance of the green or yellow circle by pressing a certain key. In the experimental group, the grammatical line always appeared before the green-colored circle was presented, and the ungrammatical line appeared before the yellow-colored circle. In the control group the color of the circle didn’t depend on the grammaticality of the line. As a result, we established the considerable reduction in the reaction time in the experimental group. Thus, the transfer of the implicitly learned knowledge of artificial grammar leads to enhancement of efficiency of sensory-motor activity. The implicit rule of artificialgrammar has acquired role of prime-stimulation. Keywords: implicit knowledge, implicit learning, artificial grammar learning, sensorymotor activity, transfer effect, primin