Cost analysis of breast cancer: a comparison between private and public hospitals in Iran

Backgrounds: Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer among women. Breast cancer imposes a considerable economic burden on the health system. This study aimed to compare the cost of breast cancer among patients who referred to private and public hospitals in Iran (2017). Methods: This was a prevalence-based cost of illness study. A total of 179 patients were selected from private and public hospitals using the census method. The researcher-constructed checklist was used for data collection. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 22. Results: The estimated total mean (SD) direct cost of patients who referred to the private hospital and the public hospital was 10,050 (19,480) and 3960 (6780), respectively. Further, the total mean indirect cost of patients who referred to the private hospital was lower than those referring to the public hospital at 1870 (15 of total costs) and 22,350 (85 of total costs), respectively. These differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Breast cancer imposes a substantial cost on patients, health insurance organizations and the whole society in Iran. Therefore, the adoption of effective measures for the prevention and early diagnosis of breast cancer is urgently needed. © 2021, The Author(s)

Hierarchical Control Strategy for Active Hydropneumatic Suspension Vehicles Based on Genetic Algorithms

A new hierarchical control strategy for active hydropneumatic suspension systems is proposed. This strategy considers the dynamic characteristics of the actuator. The top hierarchy controller uses a combined control scheme: a genetic algorithm- (GA-) based self-tuning proportional-integral-derivative controller and a fuzzy logic controller. For practical implementations of the proposed control scheme, a GA-based self-learning process is initiated only when the defined performance index of vehicle dynamics exceeds a certain debounce time threshold. The designed control algorithm is implemented on a virtual prototype and cosimulations are performed with different road disturbance inputs. Cosimulation results show that the active hydropneumatic suspension system designed in this study significantly improves riding comfort characteristics of vehicles. The robustness and adaptability of the proposed controller are also examined when the control system is subjected to extremely rough road conditions

Analisis Tingkat Kesukaran Butir Soal Ujian Nasional (UN) IPA SMP Tahun Ajaran 2014/2015 Di Kabupaten Aceh Tenggara

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis tingkat kesukaran butir soal Ujian Nasional (UN) IPA SMP Tahun Ajaran 2014/2015 di Kabupaten Aceh Tenggara. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan penelitian deskriptif kualitatif. Instrument yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah naskah soal Ujian Nasional (UN) mata pelajaran IPA SMP Tahun Ajaran 2014/2015. Data yang dikumpulkan dianalisis dengan menggunakan formulasi Indeks Kesukaran. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa, analisis tingkat kesukaran butir soal Ujian Nasional (UN) IPA SMP Tahun Ajaran 2014/2015 di Kabupaten Aceh Tenggara memiliki kategori soal yang sukar sebesar 3%, kategori soal yang mudah sebesar 5% dan kategori soal yang sedang sebesar 92%. Hal ini menandakan bahwa kualitas soal UN sangat baik.

A Grid-Connected PV Inverter with Compensation of Load Active and Reactive Power Imbalance for Distribution Networks

Load balancing is an important issue in distributed systems. In addition, using distributed generation sources such as photovoltaic is increasing. Power electronic converters are main interfaces between the sources and the grid. In this paper, a method has been proposed to reduce the load imbalancing in distribution networks using PV Grid Interface Converter. Two DC/DC and DC/AC converters have been utilized for connecting PV to the grid. A control strategy is presented which enables the converter to compensate the load imbalancing by injecting power of solar cells to the load and grid. Simulation results by MATLAB/SIMULINK software indicate the ability of the proposed control method to reduce the load imbalancing. &nbsp

Spatial analysis of mortality rate of pedestrian accidents in Iran during 2012�2013

Objectives: Considering the high mortality rate of pedestrians in traffic accidents in Iran, the present study aimed to determine the high-risk and low-risk areas of accidents resulting in pedestrian deaths and the spatial analysis of their mortality rates. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 4,371 deceased pedestrians reported by the Legal Medicine Organization in Iran from March 2012 to March 2013. For spatial analysis, the collected data were entered into ArcGIS software version 10.2 and a spatial map of the mortality rate was drawn according to the distribution of data in the provinces. Using this software, high-risk and low-risk areas were identified by calculating the spatial autocorrelation of the data. The Moran�s index of road accident patterns was surveyed and high-risk and low-risk points were identified using the local Getis index. Results: The age-standardized incidence rate was 6.8 per 100,000. After analyzing the data using ArcGIS software, the local Moran�s index showed a cluster pattern with a high mortality rate in 3 provinces of Mazandaran, Gilan, and Qazvin. In identifying high-risk and low-risk points, the local Getis index showed 3 hot spots with a confidence interval of 99 in Qom, Qazvin, and Mazandaran and 5 hot spots with a 95 confidence interval in Markazi, Tehran, Zanjan, Gilan, and Golestan provinces. Conclusions: According to the cluster pattern of accidents in the 3 provinces and the presence of hot spots in 9 provinces, it is necessary to identify factors that increase the risk of death in the study provinces in order to reduce the mortality rate among pedestrians due to traffic accidents. Therefore, to reduce the pedestrian mortality rate, especially in high-risk provinces, some studies need to be conducted to determine the risk factors in pedestrian mortality. © 2019, © 2019 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

Optimalisasi Potensi Perekonomian Hasil Pertanian melalui Strategi Pengembangan Tenaga Kerja Desa Banjarsari Gresik

Potensi Desa Banjarsari Kecamatan Cerme Kabupaten Gresik dilihat dari segi ekonomi lebih cenderung pada faktor pertanian, meskipun juga terdapat tambak, kolam budidaya, serta kebuh buah-buahan. Namun masyarakat Desa banjarsari dalam perputaran perekonomiannya lebih banyak pada pertanian. Permasalahan yang ada seperti kurangnya pendidikan serta kebutuhan keluarga karena menggantungkan hidupnya dari pertanian. Maka dalam pengabdian ini dilakukan dengan cara memberikan pengetahuan melalui penyuluhan mengenai strategi pengembangan tenaga kerja untuk meningkatkan perekonomian dari hasil pertanian. Kata Kunci : optimalisasi, pertanian, pengembangan tenaga kerj

MANAJEMEN PENDIDIKAN (KONSEP DASAR DAN RUANG LINGKUP PADA LEMBAGA PENDIDIKAN FORMAL

Manajemen secara umum merupakan suatu proses dari serangkaian kegiatan mencakup perencanaan, pengarahan, pengorganisasian dan pengendalian atau pengawasan dengan maksud untuk mencapai tujuan secara efektif dan efisien. Dalam hal ini, dasar-dasar manajemen sangat penting dipahami bagi seseorang yang sedang mengembangkan pendidikan. Tujuannya agar pendidikan dapat berjalan sesuai dengan pengelolaan yang sudah direncanakan. Sedangkan Manajemen Pendidikan merupakan suatu proses perencanaan, penyusunan, pelaksanaan, dan pengawasan, dalam mengelola segala sumber daya yang berupa manusia, uang, material, metode, mesin, market, waktu, dan informasi, untuk mencapai tujuan dengan efektif dan efisien dalam bidang pendidikan. Secara umum tujuan utama manajemen pendidikan adalah untuk membentuk kepribadian para pelajar agar sesuai dengan tujuan dari pendidikan nasional dan tingkat perkembangan atau perbaikan untuk usia pendidikan. Tidak hanya itu, tujuan ini juga meliputi identifikasi kelemahan, kekuatan, peluang dan ancaman dalam perencanaan. Adapun yang menjadi Ruang lingkup manajemen pendidikan diantaranta yaitu ruang lingkup menurut wilayah kerja, ruang lingkup menurut objek garapan, ruang lingkup menurut fungsi atau urutan kegiatannya dan menurut pelaksananya

The Mosaic Genome of Anaeromyxobacter dehalogenans Strain 2CP-C Suggests an Aerobic Common Ancestor to the Delta-Proteobacteria

©2008 Thomas et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002103Anaeromyxobacter dehalogenans strain 2CP-C is a versaphilic delta-Proteobacterium distributed throughout many diverse soil and sediment environments. 16S rRNA gene phylogenetic analysis groups A. dehalogenans together with the myxobacteria, which have distinguishing characteristics including strictly aerobic metabolism, sporulation, fruiting body formation, and surface motility. Analysis of the 5.01 Mb strain 2CP-C genome substantiated that this organism is a myxobacterium but shares genotypic traits with the anaerobic majority of the delta-Proteobacteria (i.e., the Desulfuromonadales). Reflective of its respiratory versatility, strain 2CP-C possesses 68 genes coding for putative c-type cytochromes, including one gene with 40 heme binding motifs. Consistent with its relatedness to the myxobacteria, surface motility was observed in strain 2CP-C and multiple types of motility genes are present, including 28 genes for gliding, adventurous (A-) motility and 17 genes for type IV pilus-based motility (i.e., social (S-) motility) that all have homologs in Myxococcus xanthus. Although A. dehalogenans shares many metabolic traits with the anaerobic majority of the delta- Proteobacteria, strain 2CP-C grows under microaerophilic conditions and possesses detoxification systems for reactive oxygen species. Accordingly, two gene clusters coding for NADH dehydrogenase subunits and two cytochrome oxidase gene clusters in strain 2CP-C are similar to those in M. xanthus. Remarkably, strain 2CP-C possesses a third NADH dehydrogenase gene cluster and a cytochrome cbb3 oxidase gene cluster, apparently acquired through ancient horizontal gene transfer from a strictly anaerobic green sulfur bacterium. The mosaic nature of the A. dehalogenans strain 2CP-C genome suggests that the metabolically versatile, anaerobic members of the delta-Proteobacteria may have descended from aerobic ancestors with complex lifestyles

Abdominal and pelvic CT scan interpretation of emergency medicine physicians compared with radiologists� report and its impact on patients� outcome

Purpose: In this study, the impact of contrast-enhanced abdominopelvic CT scan interpretations by emergency medicine team on patients� morbidity and mortality was evaluated and their interpretations were compared to radiologists� reports. Methods: During a 3-month period, all patients who had undergone a contrast-enhanced abdominopelvic CT scan at the emergency department enrolled in this study. All CT scans were interpreted blindly by the emergency medicine (ED) attending physicians and the patients were treated accordingly. Radiologists reported all the CT scans within 12 h. Radiologists� reports were put into the agreement or disagreement group retrospectively. A panel of experts further evaluated the disagreement groups� medical charts and placed them in clinically significant or insignificant group based on the follow-up for 28 days. Results: In this study, 170 CT scans were interpreted. The agreement rate was 68.2. In the clinically significant disagreement group, eight patients did not receive the required treatment and three patients were over treated. Although the overall mortality rate was 5, none could have been prevented by a prompt radiologist�s report. The disagreement group had longer hospital stay (p = 0.006) and transfer to other wards (p = 0.035). The inter-rater reliability between emergency medicine attending physicians and attending radiologists was substantial (kappa = 0.77) and statistically significant (p < 0.0001). Conclusion: Our findings support the cautious use of ED physicians� CT scan interpretations for patients� management. Ideally, the ED physicians should utilize a real-time radiologist interpretation in critical patients. This collaboration will result in better patient management. © 2017, American Society of Emergency Radiology