Microplastic characteristics of indian scad (Chanos chanos) and tilapia (Scomber japonicus) at Rau Market, Serang City, Banten

Mikroplastik dapat mencemari air, tanah, tumbuhan, hewan, hingga manusia. Sumber limbahmikroplastik di perairan tawar antara lain dari industri, pertanian, dan aktivitas antropogenik dimana keseluruhannya dapat menjadi sumber pencemaran mikroplastik di laut. Ikan nila(Oreochromis niloticus) dan ikan layang (Decapterus ruselli) merupakan ikan omnivora yanghidup di kolom air, di mana ikan nila dibudidayakan di perairan tawar sedangkan ikan layangditangkap di laut. Proses identifikasi mikroplastik menggunakan mikroskop. Sebanyak 158mikroplastik telah ditemukan pada insang, lambung, dan usus ikan nila, sedangkan sebanyak 411mikroplastik pada insang, lambung, dan usus ikan layang. Jumlah mikroplastik jenis fragmen padainsang, lambung, dan usus ikan mendominasi, berasal dari fragmentasi plastik bahan polipropilendan polietilen. Jenis mikroplastik terbanyak kedua adalah fiber, dikenali dari bentuknya yangpanjang dan menyerupai tali atau benang berasal dari serat jaring serta peralatan rumah tangga.Pada ikan, mikroplastik jenis fiber dapat menggumpal atau membetuk simpul yang dapatmemblokir saluran pencernaan dan menghalangi jalan masuknya makanan. Mikroplastik jenis filmditemukan dengan jumlah yang paling sedikit pada ketiga organ ikan yang di analisis. Jenis inidiidentifikasi sebagai polimer polietilen yang berbentuk lembaran tipis hasil degradasi plastikkemasan, memiliki densitas paling rendah dari tipe mikroplastik lainnya.Microplastics are a type of plastic waste that can contaminate water, soil, plants, animals, and humans. Microplastic waste from freshwater, include industry, agriculture, and anthropogenic activities, can be a source of microplastic pollution in the sea. Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and Indian scad (Decapterus ruselli) are omnivorous fish that live in the water column. Usually, tilapias are cultivated in fresh water while Indian scads are caught directly from the sea. Microplastic identification using stereo microscope found a total of 158 microplastics in the gills, stomach and intestines of tilapia, while as many as 411 microplastics have been found in the gills, stomach, and intestines of scad fish. The number of microplastic fragments in the gills, stomach, and intestines of fish dominates, comes from the plastic fragmentation of polypropylene and polyethylene materials. The second most common type of microplastic is fiber, recognized by its long shape and resembling a rope or thread derived from fiber nets and household appliances. In fish body, fiber-type microplastics can clump together or form knots that can block the digestive tract and block the passage of food. Film type microplastics were found in the least amount from the three fish organs analyzed. This film types are identified as polyethylene and polypropylene polymers in the form of thin sheets from the degradation of plastic packaging. They have the lowest density of other types of microplastic

KARAKTERISASI KITOSAN KOMBINASI CANGKANG KERANG HIJAU (Perna viridis) DAN CANGKANG RAJUNGAN (Portunus pelagicus) ASAL BANTEN, INDONESIA

Green mussel shells (Perna viridis) and crab shells (Portunus pelagicus) have not been optimally utilized. It’s can be used as chitosan. Chitosan from green mussels has a low degree of deacetylation, so it needs to be combined with crab shells in its manufacture. The aims of this study were to characterize and determine the best combination of raw materials for making chitosan from green mussel shells and crab shells. The method in this study used a completely randomized design with triplicate. The treatment in this study was a combination of raw materials from green mussel shells and crab shells, which were 100:0; 75:25; 50:50% (w/w). The results of this study showed that the combination of green mussel shells and crab shells 50:50% (w/w) resulted the best characterization of chitosan with a yield 12.56%, water content 7.55%, ash content 1.59%, degree of deacetylation 73.96% and viscosity of 279 c

Waste Skin of Hawaiian Ladyfish (Elops hawaiensis) Utilization as Gelatin Raw Material With Immersion Solution Combination

Bontot from Domas Village, Pontang District, Serang Regency is a fish jelly product. The manufacture of Bontot produces fish skin waste with a percentage of 10% of the whole weight of the fish. This waste can be reduced by applying the concept of zero waste in the processing of bontot which is reused as a raw material in the manufacture of gelatin. This research aims to determine the best NaOH concentration in the manufacture of gelatin from the skin of Hawaiian ladyfish (Elops hawaiensis) and to determine the effect of NaOH immersion on the organoleptic, chemical, and physical qualities of the gelatin. This study used an alkaline solution (NaOH) with a concentration of 0.1%; 0.3%; and 0.5%, which is then followed by a 6% acid solution immersion process. The production of gelatin from the skin of Hawaiian ladyfish was carried out using a one-factor completely randomized design (CRD) with 2 replications (duplo) accompanied by non-parametric analysis which was carried out for organoleptic testing with a hedonic scale using the Kruskal Wallis test. The results showed that the best combination was 0.1% NaOH and 6% HCl with a hedonic value of 3.7 with a whitish-yellow color; odor hedonic value 3.13; 11% yield; gel strength 280.43 g bloom; viscosity 36.95 cP; water content 8.75%; ash content 0.58%; and a pH value of 6.88</p

PRELIMINARY STUDY OF FISH OIL FROM MILKFISH SATAY BY PRODUCT USING DRY RENDERING EXTRACTION

Milkfish satay processing has been left viscera waste that may causes environmental pollution. The viscera waste has contained omega-3 which can be extracted as fish oil. Dry rendering is a method of fish oil extracting using temperature without water addition. The temperature of extraction greatly affects to quality of fish oil. The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal temperature of extraction and characterized fish oil quality extracted from milkfish viscera. This study used dry rendering extraction methode with three different temperatures (40ºC, 50ºC, and 60ºC) and tested the yield, free fatty acids, peroxide value, p-anisidine and total oxidation, for the best fish oil will be tested for its fatty acid profile. The best treatment for extracting fish oil from milkfish viscera used extraction temperature of 50ºC with yield (6.88%), free fatty acid (4.89%) peroxide value (29.35 mEq/kg), anisidine value (4.61 mEq/kg), and total oxidation (63.53 mEq/kg). The fatty acid profile of fish oil was dominated by palmitic acid (31.17%) and also contains omega-3 such as linoleic acid, docosahexaenoate acid (DHA), and eicosapentaenoate acid (EPA).</p

CHARACTERIZATION OF DRIED NOODLES FROM SEAWEED (Kappaphycus alvarezii) AS POTENTIAL SUBSTITUTE FOR WHEAT FLOUR

Dried noodles are one of the foods favored by people in Indonesia. The main ingredient of dry noodles is wheat flour which made from milling wheat. However, we usually obtain wheat from overseas by import. Therefore, to achieve food resilience in Indonesia, it is necessary to find substitutes for local ingredients with high nutrition that can be used to make dry noodles. This research aims to investigate the characteristics of dry noodles made from Kappaphycus alvarezii seaweed flour. The method used in this study was to substitute K. alvarezii seaweed flour as much as 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25% in the production of dry noodles. Analysis was carried out on its chemical composition, physical properties, and organoleptic characteristics. The results showed the best result of substitution of K. alvarezii in the 5% treatment. The chemical composition in dry noodles of this treatment showed an air content of 8.39%; ash content 3.07%; fat content 0.59%; protein content 12.43%; and 0.29% crude fiber content. Meanwhile, the results of the physical test showed7.95% cooking loss;210.5 seconds cooking time; and 89.34% water absorption. The organoleptic values obtained are color 4.60 (like); aroma 4.80 (like); texture 4.23 (like); and taste 4.20 (like).</p

SOSIALISASI PERAN HUTAN MANGROVE SEBAGAI UPAYA MITIGASI BENCANA DI SMK NEGERI 7 KOTA SERANG

Hutan mangrove sudah banyak diketahui sebagai salah satu plasma nutfah yang sangat penting bagi kehidupan manusia. Namun, pada saat ini keberadaan hutan mangrove sangat memprihatinkan karena banyaknya kasus deforestasi, pembalakan liar dan kasus ilegal lainnya yang menjadikan perubahan fungsi dari hutan mangrove. Kepedulian generasi penerus terhadap ekosistem hutan mangrove harus diperkenalkan sejak dini. Hal itu dimaksudkan untuk menjaga ekosistem hutan mangrove agar tetap lestari dan dapat berkembang dengan baik tanpa ada tekanan dari luar. Oleh karena itu kegiatan ini bertujuan untuk memperkenalkan peran hutan mangrove sebagai mitigasi bencana pada siswa SMK Negeri 7 Kota Serang. Metode yang digunakan adalah ceramah, transfer knowledge, dan penyuluhan kepada 60 siswa dari berbagai angkatan. Antusiasme yang tinggi dari para siswa menjadi salah satu indikasi keberhasilan transfer knowledge yang dilakukan pada saat sosialisasi yang harapannya dapat dilanjutkan menjaga mangrove di kehidupan mendatang

Karakteristik Pemanfaatan Ekstrak Rumput Laut (Kappaphycus alvarezii) dan Teh Hijau (Camellia sinensis) sebagai Sediaan Hydrating Toner

Penggunaan masker dalam kehidupan sehari-hari akibat wabah COVID-19 telah berjalan selama hampir tiga tahun. Akibat penggunaan masker dalam jangka waktu lebih dari 6 jam memunculkan reaksi kulit berupa jerawat. Kerusakan kulit tersebut dapat berujung pada kerusakan skin barrier. Kerusakan skin barrier dapat diatasi dengan mengaplikasikan hydrating toner pada kulit. Efektivitas hydrating toner dapat ditingkatkan dengan menggunakan kandungan bahan aktif. Rumput laut Kappaphycus alvarezii memiliki komponen biaoktif meliputi senyawa antioksidan, antibakteri, dan anti-inflamasi. Teh hijau merupakan tanaman yang kaya akan komponen bioaktif dan banyak digunakan dalam sediaan kosmetik untuk memperbaiki kondisi kulit. Penggunaan teh hijau dengan kombinasi ekstrak tanaman lain telah banyak digunakan dalam pembuatan kosmetika dan menghasilkan kosmetika dengan kandungan anti-inflamasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan karakteristik dari sediaan hydrating toner yang dihasilkan dari rumput laut K. alvarezii dan teh hijau (C. sinensis). Pembuatan ekstrak menggunakan metode maserasi. Ekstrak K. alvarezii ditambahkan dalam formulasi dengan empat konsentrasi yang berbeda yaitu 0%, 5%, 10%, dan 15%. Parameter pengujian yang dilakukan yaitu kapasitas antioksidan metode DPPH, aktivitas antibakteri, uji pH, uji homogenitas, uji waktu kering, dan uji hedonik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan persentase inhibisi DPPH sediaan hydrating toner berada pada kisaran 83,31±0,77-90,26±1,85%. Zona hambat yaitu 5,5±3,97-9,83±1,76 mm dengan daya antibakteri kuat sampai sedang. Nilai pH sediaan berada dalam kisaran 5,75-5,85 yang masih dalam rentang pH kulit normal. Seluruh sediaan hydrating toner tercampur dengan sempurna, menghasilkan aroma khas teh hijau, berwarna kuning kecoklatan, terkesan dingin, tidak lengket, dan terasa lembab. Lama waktu mengering sediaan yaitu 1 menit 2 detik sampai 1 menit 57 detik.   Kata kunci: antiacne, makroalga, skin barrie

Characterization of Glucosamine Nano Particles from Chitosan Using Ultrasonicators and Ball Milling Methods

Oral consumption of glucosamine hydrochloride can worsen side effects in the human body, so the development of nanoparticles from glucosamine hydrochloride is needed as a topical preparation in treating osteoarthritis. This study aims to determine the differences in the characteristics of nanoparticles from shrimp shell glucosamine made ultrasonic and ball milling. For the production of glucosamine from shrimp shells, the acid hydrolysis method was used using 37% HCL solution, then washed with IPA solution until glucosamine powder was formed, then the yield and FTIR tests were carried out. Preparation of glucosamine nanoparticles using the ultrasonic method, namely glucosamine with a 37% HCl mixture sonicated using an ultrasonicator, and another method using a ball mill to fission glucosamine to obtain powdered glucosamine nanoparticles. The powder obtained from the two methods was then characterized using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to determine the morphological condition of the solid. The results of the glucosamine test obtained a yield of 83.65%, and the absorption pattern of the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum showed 99.82% so that it met the quality standards proving that glucosamine hydrolysis was successful. The powder characterization obtained by SEM aims to determine the size characteristics of the glucosamine nanoparticles obtained. The resulting powder nanoparticles are yellow-white. The SEM photo results show the morphology of the particles with an uneven surface. The results of the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) test showed that the particle size of glucosamine by ultrasonic and ball milling methods were 83.56 nm and 61.16 nm, respectively

Evaluasi Fisik Body lotion dari Bubur Rumput Laut Ulva lactuca dan Gel Aloe vera

Ulva lactuca contains various bioactive compounds, and has been developed by many recent researchers into cosmetic products, especially for skin. In addition, other types of plants that can be used for cosmetics, namely Aloe vera which has lots of nutrients and vitamins for the skin. This study aims to obtain the best body lotion formulation from U. lactuca and A. vera based on thwphysical evaluation. The process of making body lotion consists of two stages, namely the oil phase and the water phase, then homogenized at 70-75°C. The formulation in the study varied with the addition of U. lactuca and A. vera with a ratio of 1:2 (F1), 1:1 (F2), 2:1 (F3) and F0 as a control treatment. The body lotion formulation with a ratio of 1:2 (F2) has a good moisture level for the skin and a pH value that is suitable for the skin, and all treatments have spreadability that meets the standards. All treatments have an oil-in-water emulsion type. In centrifugal testing no phase is formed. The organoleptic test results for all products ranged from moderate to like. The results of this study indicate that the F1 formulation is the best formulation of all treatments because it has a good pH and moisture value for the skin.Ulva lactuca mengandung berbagai senyawa bioaktif, dan telah banyak dikembangkan oleh peneliti terkini menjadi produk kosmetik, terutama untuk kulit. Selain itu, jenis tumbuhan lainnya yang dapat digunakan untuk kosmetik yaitu Aloe vera yang memiliki banyak nutrisi dan vitamin untuk kulit. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan formulasi body lotion terbaik dari rumput laut U. lactuca dan A. vera berdasarkan evaluasi fisiknya. Proses pembuatan body lotion terdiri dari dua tahap, yakni tahap untuk bahan fase minyak dan tahap untuk bahan fase air, lalu dihomogenkan pada suhu 70-75°C. Formulasi pada penelitian memilikii variasi penambahan U. lactuca dan A. vera dengan perbandingan 1:2 (F1), 1:1 (F2), 2:1 (F3) dan F0 sebagai kontrol.. Formulasi body lotion dengan perbandingan 1:2 (F2) memiliki tingkat kelembapan yang bagus untuk kulit dan nilai pH yang cocok untuk kulit, dan semua perlakuan memiliki daya sebar yang memenuhi standar. Semua perlakuan memiliki tipe emulsi minyak dalam air. Pada pengujian sentrifugal tidak ada fase yang terbentuk. Hasil pengujian organoleptik terhadap semua produk berkisar antara cukup sampai suka. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa formulasi F1 merupkan formulasi terbaik dari semua perlakuan karena memiliki nilai pH dan kelembapan yang baik untuk kulit