IEEE 802.11ac Sebagai Standar Pertama Untuk Gigabit Wireless LAN

WLAN is a technology that currently has been used widely. This technology is considered as a data transferring media technology within the LAN/MAN. To ensure that WLAN technology can be used widely in the whole world, the IEEE has set a standard known as 802.11 to be an International standard for the WLAN technology. This standard was appeared in 1997, and has been revised and improved for several times. This improvement is done to anticipate the rapidly grown WLAN market as well as to keep this technology remains effective, efficient, and reliable at any time. At the beginning of 2014, the IEEE has set 802.11ac-2013 as a new standard for WLANs that operate below 6 GHz to achieve a data rate for up to 7 Gbps. The purpose of this article is to describe comprehensively the IEEE 802.11ac standard as a result of recent changes to the regulatory for WLAN technology which is known as the first standard issued by the IEEE for the gigabit WLANs. This article discusses the goals and objectives to be achieved by 802.11ac standard as well as the parts that have been enhanced significantly both in its PHY and MAC layers. This article will also contrast the differences between the 802.11ac standard and previous WLAN standards. Finally it will also explain the level of compatibility and interoperability of 802.11ac standards with some of previous WLAN standard

Simulasi Perjalanan Harian Pegawai Unsyiah Untuk Efisiensi Waktu Keberangkatan Terbaik Berdasarkan Model Lalu Lintas Kendaraan

High traffic densitiy becomes one of a big problem of transportation in many big developing cities in Indonesia. The growth number of vehicles relatively much higher if compared to the growth of road infrastructure. Banda Aceh as a central city of Aceh Province are also facing moreless the same transportation problem,where traffic becomes very usual especially in peak hour in the morning when many people start their activity. It also happened in the afternoon when most of Banda Aceh people especially the one who work as a government servant going back from work. This research is trying to analyze one of the case of daily going to work travel route of Unsyiah administration staf. The result is very important to analyze the best departure time for the staff to minimize travel time. This research have developed a simulation model using an IT technology based on vehicle traffic mobility model. The simulation offered the fastest travel time solution with the best departure time to arrive at the destination by avoiding morning peak time traffic

Validasi Daerah Potensial Penangkapan Ikan Pelagis Kecil Menggunakan Purse Seinedengancitra Satelitdi Perairan Pidie Jaya

Determination of small pelagic fishing ground could be done by estimate the water condition where the fish habitat life occurred. The indicator that used to estimate the presence of the fish was to lookedat the sea surface temperature (SST) and chlorophyll-a. The aim of this study were to see the relation between chlorophyll-a and the catch of small pelagic fishes,and to determine the potential fishing ground of small pelagic fish in Pidie Jaya waters. The concentration of chlorophyll-aobtained from MODIS satellite by using SeaDas processing software. The data result of small pelagic fishes catches was obtained by observed the landed fish in PPI Meureudu, Pidie Jaya district. The total small pelagic fish catches on February and March 2016 reached 35.258 kg. Relation between the catches and chlorophyll-a showed the higher concentration of chlorophyll-a tends to increased the catch of small pelagic fish as it proved the phytoplankton play the important role as the main producer in ocean food chain. The potential fishing ground during February and March 2016 showed at point A, B and E, while potential fishing ground on February and March 2016 occured on point C and D, and less potential on point F. Penentuan daerah penangkapan ikan pelagis kecil dapat dilakukan dengan cara pendugaan kondisi perairan, yang menjadi habitat ikan tersebut. Salah satu indikator yang dapat digunakan untuk pendugaan keberadaan ikan tersebut di perairan adalah suhu permukaan laut (SPL) dan klorofill-a. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk melihat hubungan klorofil-a dengan hasil tangkapan ikan,dan menentukan daerah potensial penangkapan ikan pelagis kecil di perairan Pidie Jaya. Konsentrasi klorofil-adiperoleh dari satelit MODIS dandiprosesdengansofware SeaDas. Hasil tangkapan ikan pelagis kecil diperoleh dari pendaratan ikan di PPI Meureudu kabupaten Pidie Jaya.Hubungan hasil tangkapan dengan klorofil-a menunjukkankecenderungan konsentrasi klorofil-a yang tinggiakanmeningkatkan hasil tangkapan ikan pelagis kecil.Daerah potensial untuk penangkapan ikan pelagis kecil selama periode bulan Februari dan Maret 2016 terdapat di wilayah penangkapan pada titik A, B, dan E, DPI yang sedang potensial pada bulan Februari dan Maret 2016 terjadi pada titik C dan D, dan yang kurang potensial terdapat pada titik F

Cohort study of the impact of direct acting antiviral therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C and decompensated cirrhosis

Background and Aims: All oral direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) effectively treat chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, but the benefits in advanced liver disease are unclear. We compared outcomes in treated and untreated patients with decompensated cirrhosis. Methods: Patients with HCV and decompensated cirrhosis or at risk of irreversible disease were treated in an Expanded Access Programme (EAP) in 2014. Treatment, by clinician choice, was with sofosbuvir, ledipasvir or daclatasvir, with or without ribavirin. For functional outcome comparison, untreated patients with HCV and decompensated cirrhosis who were registered on a database 6 months before treatment was available were retrospectively studied. Primary endpoint was sustained virological response 12 weeks post antiviral treatment (treated cohort) and the secondary endpoint (both cohorts) was adverse outcomes (worsening in MELD score or serious adverse event) within 6 months. Results: 467 patients received treatment (409 decompensated cirrhosis). Viral clearance was achieved in 381 patients (81.6%) – 209 from 231 (90.5%) with genotype 1 and 132 from 192 (68.8%) with genotype 3. MELD scores improved in treated patients (mean change -0.85) but worsened in untreated patients (mean + 0.75) (p65 or with low (<135 mmol/L) baseline serum sodium concentrations were least likely to benefit from therapy. Conclusions: All oral DAAs effectively cured HCV in patients with advanced liver disease. Viral clearance was associated with improvement in liver function within 6 months compared to untreated patients. The longer term impact of HCV treatment in patients with decompensated cirrhosis remains to be determined

Modeling hepatic fibrosis in African American and Caucasian American patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection

Assessment of histological stage is an integral part of disease management in patients infected with the hepatitis C virus (HCV). The aim of this study was to develop a model incorporating objective clinical and laboratory parameters to estimate the probability of severe fibrosis ( i.e. , Ishak fibrosis ≥ 3) in previously untreated African American (AA) and Caucasian American (CA) patients with HCV genotype 1. The Ishak fibrosis scores of 205 CA and 194 AA patients enrolled in the Viral Resistance to Antiviral Therapy of Chronic Hepatitis C study (Virahep-C) were modeled using simple and multiple logistic regression. The model was then validated in an independent cohort of 461 previously untreated patients with HCV. The distribution of fibrosis scores was similar in the AA and CA patients as was the proportion of patients with severe fibrosis (35% vs. 39%, P = .47). After accounting for the number of portal areas in the biopsy, patient age, serum aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and platelet count were independently associated with severe fibrosis in the overall cohort, and the relationship with fibrosis was similar in both the AA and CA subgroups. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) of the Virahep-C model (0.837) was significantly better than in other published models ( P = .0003). The AUROC of the Virahep-C model was 0.851 in the validation population. In conclusion , a model consisting of widely available clinical and laboratory features predicted severe hepatic fibrosis equally well in AA and CA patients with HCV genotype 1 and was superior to other published models. The excellent performance of the Virahep-C model in an external validation cohort suggests the findings are replicable and potentially generalizable. (H EPATOLOGY 2006;44:925–935.)Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/55833/1/21335_ftp.pd

Alternative medicines for AIDS in resource-poor settings: Insights from exploratory anthropological studies in Asia and Africa

The emergence of alternative medicines for AIDS in Asia and Africa was discussed at a satellite symposium and the parallel session on alternative and traditional treatments of the AIDSImpact meeting, held in Marseille, in July 2007. These medicines are heterogeneous, both in their presentation and in their geographic and cultural origin. The sessions focused on the role of these medications in selected resource poor settings in Africa and Asia now that access to anti-retroviral therapy is increasing. The aims of the sessions were to (1) identify the actors involved in the diffusion of these alternative medicines for HIV/AIDS, (2) explore uses and forms, and the way these medicines are given legitimacy, (3) reflect on underlying processes of globalisation and cultural differentiation, and (4) define priority questions for future research in this area. This article presents the insights generated at the meeting, illustrated with some findings from the case studies (Uganda, Senegal, Benin, Burkina Faso, China and Indonesia) that were presented. These case studies reveal the wide range of actors who are involved in the marketing and supply of alternative medicines. Regulatory mechanisms are weak. The efficacy claims of alternative medicines often reinforce a biomedical paradigm for HIV/AIDS, and fit with a healthy living ideology promoted by AIDS care programs and support groups. The AIDSImpact session concluded that more interdisciplinary research is needed on the experience of people living with HIV/AIDS with these alternative medicines, and on the ways in which these products interact (or not) with anti-retroviral therapy at pharmacological as well as psychosocial levels

Hepatitis C virus infection acquired in childhood

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection occurs less frequently in children than in adult patients, and the natural history, prognosis, and clinical significance of HCV infection in children are poorly defined. We report here a descriptive follow-up of the clinical course, biochemical data, and viral markers observed in 37 children with anti-HCV. Ten patients included in the study tested persistently negative for serum HCV-RNA (group 1) and 27 patients tested persistently positive (group 2). In group 1, serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) was normal in all patients, while two patients had non-organ-specific autoantibodies. In group 2, serum ALT was elevated in 13 of 27 patients, and five patients had non-organ-specific autoantibodies. HCV genotype 1a and 1b were the most prevalent among HCV-RNA-positive patients. Twenty liver biopsies were carried out on 17 patients in our series (mean evolution time, 11.2 years; range, 3–21 years). The liver specimens showed mild necroinflammatory changes in most patients, and fibrosis was absent or low grade. Two HCV-RNA-positive patients became persistently HCV-RNA negative. Of the 26 children investigated, 7 (one in group 1, six in group 2) had a co-infection with hepatitis G virus. Conclusion Most children chronically infected with HCV were asymptomatic and presented only mild biochemical evidence of hepatic injury. Autoimmunity in the form of non-organ-specific autoantibodies was common. HCV in children induced mild changes in the liver with a low level of fibrosis and at a low rate of progression

A global view of hepatitis C: Physician knowledge, opinions, and perceived barriers to care

Chronic infection with the hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality. While recent advances in antiviral therapy have led to significant improvements in treatment response rates, only a minority of infected patients is treated. Multiple barriers may impede the delivery of HCV therapy

Peginterferon and Ribavirin Treatment in African American and Caucasian American Patients With Hepatitis C Genotype 1

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Compared with Caucasian Americans (CA), African Americans (AA) with chronic hepatitis C are less likely to respond to interferon-based antiviral therapy. METHODS: In a multicenter treatment trial, 196 AA and 205 CA treatment-naive patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 1 infection were treated with peginterferon alfa-2a (180 microg/wk) and ribavirin (1000-1200 mg/day) for up to 48 weeks. The primary end point was sustained virologic response (SVR). RESULTS: Baseline features were similar among AA and CA, including HCV-RNA levels and histologic severity, but AA had higher body weights, a higher prevalence of diabetes and hypertension, and lower alanine transaminase levels (P < .001 for all). The SVR rate was 28% in AA and 52% in CA (P < .0001). Racial differences in viral responses were evident as early as treatment week 4. Breakthrough viremia was more frequent among AA than CA (13% vs 6%, P = .05); relapse rates were comparable (32% vs 25%, P = .30). Proportions of patients with serious adverse events and dose modifications and discontinuations were similar among AA and CA. In multiple regression analyses, CA had a higher SVR rate than AA (relative risk, 1.96; 95% confidence interval, 1.48-2.60; P < .0001). Other factors independently associated with higher SVR included female sex, lower baseline HCV-RNA level, less hepatic fibrosis, and more peginterferon taken. CONCLUSIONS: AA with chronic hepatitis C genotype 1 have lower rates of virologic response to peginterferon and ribavirin than CA. These differences are not explained by disease characteristics, baseline viral levels, or amount of medication taken