ESTIMACIÓN DE LOS PARÁMETROS CINÉTICOS DEL PROCESO DE TERMOXIDACIÓN NATURAL DE LAS FRACCIONES PESADAS DEL PETRÓLEO

Se proponen en este trabajo, expresiones cinéticas para la formación de grupos funcionales característicos de la oxidación de los asfaltos de refinería Apiay, CIB y CAR (de Ecopetrol, Colombia) envejecidos naturalmente en un banco de pruebas, así como para la fracción de asfáltenos. Se estimaron los parámetros cinéticos para cada asfalto, con base en los datos obtenidos experimentalmente. Se encontró la relación entre el cambio de la viscosidad cinemática con el contenido de asfáltenos y la intensidad de los grupos carbonilos en los asfaltos estudiados. Se calculó la energía de activación y el factor de frecuencia de la fracción de asfáltenos, encontrándose que la energía de activación de los asfaltos envejecidos aumenta en el orden Apiay, CIB y CAR. Se calcularon los índices de envejecimiento de los asfaltos a partir del cambio de las viscosidades cinemática y absoluta con el tiempo de envejecimiento, así como el índice de inestabilidad coloidal, a partir de los cuales se determinó que la estructura coloidal para todos los asfaltos estudiados a los 31 meses de envejecimiento en el banco de pruebas es tipo gel, con alta susceptibilidad térmica o baja resistencia al clima tropical. &nbsp

ESTIMACIÓN DE LOS PARÁMETROS CINÉTICOS DEL PROCESO DE TERMOXIDACIÓN NATURAL DE LAS FRACCIONES PESADAS DEL PETRÓLEO

Se proponen en este trabajo, expresiones cinéticas para la formación de grupos funcionales característicos de la oxidación de los asfaltos de refinería Apiay, CIB y CAR (de Ecopetrol, Colombia) envejecidos naturalmente en un banco de pruebas, así como para la fracción de asfáltenos. Se estimaron los parámetros cinéticos para cada asfalto, con base en los datos obtenidos experimentalmente. Se encontró la relación entre el cambio de la viscosidad cinemática con el contenido de asfáltenos y la intensidad de los grupos carbonilos en los asfaltos estudiados. Se calculó la energía de activación y el factor de frecuencia de la fracción de asfáltenos, encontrándose que la energía de activación de los asfaltos envejecidos aumenta en el orden Apiay, CIB y CAR. Se calcularon los índices de envejecimiento de los asfaltos a partir del cambio de las viscosidades cinemática y absoluta con el tiempo de envejecimiento, así como el índice de inestabilidad coloidal, a partir de los cuales se determinó que la estructura coloidal para todos los asfaltos estudiados a los 31 meses de envejecimiento en el banco de pruebas es tipo gel, con alta susceptibilidad térmica o baja resistencia al clima tropical. &nbsp

Coronas-F Orbit Monitoring and Re-Entry Prediction

Russian scientific satellite CORONAS-F was launched on July, 31, 2001. The object was inserted in near-circular orbit with the inclination 82.5deg and a mean altitude approx. 520 km. Due to the upper atmosphere drag CORONAS-F was permanently descended and as a result on December, 6, 2005 it has finished the earth-orbital flight, having lifetime in space approx. 4.5 years. The satellite structural features and its flight attitude control led to the significant variations of its ballistic coefficient during the flight. It was a cause of some specific difficulties in the fulfillment of the ballistic and navigation support of this space vehicle flight. Besides the main mission objective CORONAS-F also has been selected by the Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee (IADC) as a target object for the next regular international re-entry test campaign on a program of surveillance and re-entry prediction for the hazard space objects within their de-orbiting phases. Spacecraft (S/C) CORONAS-F kept its working state right up to the end of the flight - down to the atmosphere entry. This fact enabled to realization of the additional research experiments, concerning with an estimation of the atmospheric density within the low earth orbits (LEO) of the artificial satellites, and made possible to continue track the S/C during final phase of its flight by means of Russian regular command & tracking system, used for it control. Thus there appeared a unique possibility of using for tracking S/C at its de-orbiting phase not only passive radar facilities, belonging to the space surveillance systems and traditionally used for support of the IADC re-entry test campaigns, but also more precise active trajectory radio-tracking facilities from the ground control complex (GCC) applied for this object. Under the corresponding decision of the Russian side such capability of additional high-precise tracking control of the CORONAS-F flight in this period of time has been implemented. The organizing of the CORONAS-F ballistic and navigational support (BNS) and solving its main tasks (such as S/C orbit determination (OD) and its motion prediction and connected with them) both for regular mission stage and for additional flight program were realized by the group of specialists from the Mission Control Center (MCC). MCC was also assigned as a principal organization from the Russian side for participation in the 7th IADC re-entry test campaign on CORONAS-F. The CORONAS-F flight features and space environments circumstances during its flight as well as a methodology and technology of spacecraft ballistic and navigational support are given below. The BNS results for different phases of S/C flight, including the results of its re-entry predictions, obtained during the realization of the 7th IADC test campaign are submitted. The accuracy of space vehicle re-entry prediction and its dependence on various factors are analyzed in more details

Verification of event-driven software systems using the specification language of cooperating automata objects

The CIAO (Cooperative Interaction Automata Objects) specification language is intended to describe the behavior of distributed and parallel event-driven systems. This class of systems includes various software and hardware systems for control, monitoring, data collection, and processing. The ability to verify compliance with requirements is desirable competitive advantage for such systems. The CIAO language extends the concept of state machines of the UML (Unified Modeling Language) with the possibility of cooperative interaction of several automata through strictly defined interfaces. The cooperative interaction of automatа objects is defined by a link scheme that defines how the provided and required interfaces of different automatа objects are connected. Thus, the behavior of the system as a whole could be described as a set of execution protocols, each of which is a sequence of interface calls, possibly with guard conditions. We represent a set of protocols using a semantic graph in which all possible paths from the initial nodes to the final nodes define sequences of interface method calls. Because the interfaces are strictly defined in advance by the connection scheme, it is possible to construct a semantic graph automatically according to a given system of interacting automaton objects. To verify the system behavior, one only has to check if each path in the semantic graph does satisfy the requirements. System requirements are formally described using conditional regular expressions that define patterns of acceptable and forbidden behavior. This article proposes methods and algorithms that allow you to check the compliance of programs in the CIAO language with the requirements automatically and, thereby, check the semantics of the developed program. The proposed method narrows the specification formalism to the class of regular languages and the programming language to a language with a simple and predefined structure. In many practical cases, this is sufficient for effective verification

Paleocene-eeocene depositional environments and abiotic events on the southern and south-eastern Russian platform

The paper proposes a new event model of formation of Paleocene-Eocene sands and sandstones of the Southern and South- Eastern Russian Platform and their overlying Eocene bentonite clays. Sands have been considered as sand injectites, which outpouring and intrusion are due to tectonic activity of the Pachelma and Dnieper-Donets aulacogens and the Voronezh mass in the Paleocene-Eocene period. The outpouring of fluidized sand was complicated by the income of acid pyroclastic material to the basin. The influence of the latter explains the layers of camouflage pyroclastics in the sands of Buchakskaya formation. The transformed pyroclastic material is presented by the paragenesis of authigenic minerals - montmorillonite, zeolite, opal-CT, glauconite, and volcanic glass. It has been shown again that the montmorillonite clays of the Kievskaya formation are of volcano-sedimentary origin and were formed by diagenetic transformation of the metastable pyroclastic material. The formation of confluent sandstone is also associated with the diagenesis of overlying ash material, upon which free silica - a quartz grain cementing material - releases. Material composition of sands and sandstones of Buchakskaya formation and clays of Kievskaya formation has been studied with a range of analytical methods (petrographic, X-ray, chemical, and electron microscopy). Consideration of the sand strata under the new perspective requires a review of existing stratigraphic schemes, as a synchronous formation of rocks of both Buchakskaya and Kievskaya formations is very likely

European Porcelain in Russian Regional Collections: Attribution Problems

Поступила в редакцию: 27.02.2023. Принята к печати: 06.04.2023.Submitted: 27.02.2023. Accepted: 06.04.2023.Музейная сеть современной России во многом сложилась в первые десятилетия советской власти. В это время произведения из крупных национализированных коллекций масштабно и несколько хаотично распределялись между уже существовавшими преимущественно столичными музеями и вновь созданными региональными. Этот фактор оказал существенное влияние на формирование состава большинства региональных собраний, а также серьезно сказался на специфике фиксации предметов декоративно-прикладного искусства, в частности фарфора, и особенностях обращения к этому материалу специалистов. Так, коллекция фарфора западноевропейских производств ЕМИИ насчитывает немногим меньше двухсот предметов. Несмотря на относительно скромный количественный состав, она, тем не менее, позволяет достаточно подробно познакомиться с основными тенденциями развития фарфора в странах Европы XVIII — первой половины XX в., а история ее формирования демонстрирует основные тенденции пополнения коллекций в советские годы. На протяжении многих десятилетий, а именно с момента создания музея в 1936 г. и до начала 2010-х гг., рассматриваемая коллекция практически не изучалась, что во многом было обусловлено объединяющим многие региональные музеи этого времени отсутствием профильных специалистов, а также малой доступностью источников для сравнения и типологизации хранящихся в собраниях произведений. На примере Екатеринбургского музея изобразительных искусств рассматриваются основные проблемы, связанные с изучением региональных коллекций западноевропейского фарфора: оборванный провенанс произведений, передаваемых из национализированных коллекций в первые десятилетия развития музея; сложный формат работы с частными коллекциями, обусловленный спецификой социально-политического строя советского государства, не приветствовавшего частное коллекционирование; недостаточное внимание к нанесенным на произведения маркам, способным запутать неопытного исследователя, и, как следствие, назревшая необходимость существенной актуализации и дополнения существующих на сегодняшний день марочников-определителей.For the most part, the museum network of modern Russia formed in the first decades of the USSR. At the time, works from nationalized collections of considerable size were distributed on a large scale and somewhat chaotically among the already existing and mostly capital museums and newly created regional ones. This factor had a significant impact on the formation of the composition of most regional collections, and seriously affected the specifics of registering items such as those made of porcelain and the peculiarities of specialists’ access to them. Thus, the collection of porcelain of Western European production of the Ekaterinburg Museum of Fine Arts has around two hundred items. Despite the relatively modest number, it will nevertheless help one get sufficiently acquainted with the main trends in the development of porcelain in European countries between the eighteenth and the first half of the twentieth centuries. The history of its formation demonstrates the main trends in the replenishment of collections in the Soviet years. For many decades, namely, from the moment of the establishment of the museum in 1936 until the early 2010s, the collection in question remained practically unstudied, which was largely due to the lack of specialists characteristic of many regional museums of that time, as well as the low availability of sources for comparing and typologizing the works stored in the collections. Referring to the collection of the Ekaterinburg Museum of Fine Arts, the article considers the main problems associated with the study of regional collections of European porcelain: the fragmented provenance of artworks transferred from nationalized collections in the first decades of the museum’s development; the complex format of working with private collections due to the specifics of the socio-political system of the Soviet state which did not welcome private collecting; insufficient attention to the marks on the artworks, which can confuse an inexperienced researcher, and, as a result, the urgent need for a significant updating and addition of porcelain marks to the currently existing reference books

Working conditions and the professional oncological disease, working in Primorye territore

The estimation of working conditions of workers, the analysis of disease and the organisation of preliminary and periodic medical inspections, population prophylactic medical examinations is spent for the purpose of improvement of working conditions and preventive maintenance of professional oncological diseases, revealing of signs of diseases at early stages of development, preservation of health and increase in able-bodied age of the population of Primorye Territory.Оценка условий труда работников, анализ заболеваемости и организации предварительных и периодических медицинских осмотров, диспансеризации населения проводится с целью улучшения условий труда и профилактики профессиональных онкологических заболеваний, выявления признаков заболеваний на ранних стадиях развития, сохранения здоровья и увеличение трудоспособного возраста населения Приморского края

Litsa uranium ore occurrence (Arctic zone of the Fennoscandian Shield): new results of petrophysical and geochemical studies

Mineralogical, petrophysical and geochemical studies have been carried out to determine the sequence and formation conditions of uranium mineralization within the Litsa ore occurrence (Kola Region). Mineralogical studies show the following formation sequence of ore minerals: uraninite – sulfides – uranophane, coffinite, pitchblende. Two stages of uranium mineralization are distinguished: Th-U (1.85-1.75 Ga) and U (400-300 Ma). The distribution of physical properties of rocks in the area is consistent with the presence of two temporal stages in the formation of mineralization with different distribution and form of uranium occurrence in rocks. The factors that reduce rock anisotropy are the processes of migmatization and hydrothermal ore mineralization, which heal pores and cracks. Fluid inclusions in quartz studied by microthermometry and Raman spectroscopy contain gas, gas-liquid and aqueous inclusions of different salinity (1.7-18.4 wt.% NaCl-eq.). According to homogenization temperatures of inclusions in liquid phase, the temperature of the Paleoproterozoic and Paleozoic stages of uranium mineralization at the Litsa ore occurrence is ~ 300 and 200 °С, respectively. Correlations of the spatial distribution of elastic anisotropy index with an elevated radioactive background allow using this petrophysical feature as one of the prognostic criteria for uranium and complex uranium mineralization when carrying out uranium predictive work

Two years of experience in hospital surveillance for the severe influenza like illnesses in St. Petersburg: etiology, clinical characterization of diseases, antigenic and genetic properties of isolated influenza viruses

In this paper, we analyze the etiology of the diseases occurring during two consecutive influenza epidemic seasons in St. Petersburg, Russian Federation. The analysis is based on the results of the PCR diagnostics of the clinical samples collected from patients hospitalized in three St. Petersburg hospitals with influenza like illnesses (ILI). It was shown that the influenza virus A(H1N1)pdm09 was the dominant causative agent during the 2012-2013 epidemic season while, in the 2013-2014 season, A(H3N2) virus was predominant among adults and children. The influenza B virus activity was high in the 2012-2013 season and low in the 2013-2014 season. During both seasons, the main causative agent for the hospitalization of young children was respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), followed by rhinovirus and influenza virus. The rate of involvement of parainfluenza, adenovirus, metapneumovirus and coronavirus was low and was negligible for bocavirus. Children 0-2 and 3-6 years old formed the group of patients that was affected by acute respiratory infection agents the most. Children younger than 3 months old were the major group of the intensive care unit (ICUs) patients and only 27.5% of them were adults. RSV and rhinovirus were the leading cause of ILI among the children admitted to ICU. Among the adult patients admitted to the ICU, only influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, A(H3N2) and B viruses were detected during both influenza seasons.According to the results of the antigenic and genetic analysis, most influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and A(H3N2) viruses circulating in St. Petersburg matched the vaccine strains recommended by the WHO for vaccine composition in the 2012-2013 and 2013-2014 seasons.In this paper, we analyze the etiology of the diseases occurring during two consecutive influenza epidemic seasons in St. Petersburg, Russian Federation. The analysis is based on the results of the PCR diagnostics of the clinical samples collected from patients hospitalized in three St. Petersburg hospitals with influenza like illnesses (ILI). It was shown that the influenza virus A(H1N1)pdm09 was the dominant causative agent during the 2012-2013 epidemic season while, in the 2013-2014 season, A(H3N2) virus was predominant among adults and children. The influenza B virus activity was high in the 2012-2013 season and low in the 2013-2014 season. During both seasons, the main causative agent for the hospitalization of young children was respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), followed by rhinovirus and influenza virus. The rate of involvement of parainfluenza, adenovirus, metapneumovirus and coronavirus was low and was negligible for bocavirus. Children 0-2 and 3-6 years old formed the group of patients that was affected by acute respiratory infection agents the most. Children younger than 3 months old were the major group of the intensive care unit (ICUs) patients and only 27.5% of them were adults. RSV and rhinovirus were the leading cause of ILI among the children admitted to ICU. Among the adult patients admitted to the ICU, only influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, A(H3N2) and B viruses were detected during both influenza seasons. According to the results of the antigenic and genetic analysis, most influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and A(H3N2) viruses circulating in St. Petersburg matched the vaccine strains recommended by the WHO for vaccine composition in the 2012-2013 and 2013-2014 seasons