Elaboration of bilateral symmetry across Knautia macedonica capitula related to changes in ventral petal expression of CYCLOIDEA-like genes

Abstract Background Shifts in floral form across angiosperms, particularly from radially symmetrical to bilaterally symmetrical flowers, are often associated with shifts in speciation rates and changes in pollination syndrome. Growing evidence across both rosids and asterids indicates that CYCLOIDEA (CYC)-like transcription factors from the TCP gene family play a role in establishing the dorsoventral pattern of flower symmetry, which affects the development of both the corolla and androecium. Previous studies of CYC-like genes, especially of the CYC2 clade, indicate that these genes are dorsally restricted in bilaterally symmetrical flowers. Also, gene duplication of CYC-like genes often correlates with shifts in floral form in both individual flowers and head-like inflorescences (capitula). Results Here, we compared the expression patterns of six CYC-like genes from dorsal, lateral, and ventral petals of internal and external florets across capitula of Knautia macedonica (Dipsacaceae). We demonstrate that multiple copies of CYC-like genes are differentially expressed among petal types and between internal and external florets. Across paralogs, there was a general trend toward a reduction in dorsal expression and an increase in ventral expression in internal florets compared to external florets. However, it was in the ventral petals where a statistically significant increase in expression correlates with a less zygomorphic flower. We also show for the first time lateral-specific expression of a CYC-like gene. Additionally, dorsoventral asymmetric expression of a CYC3 paralog indicates that this understudied gene clade is likely also involved in floral symmetry. Conclusions These data indicate that the elaboration of bilateral symmetry may be regulated by the dorsoventral gradient of expression, with statistically significant changes in ventral expression correlating with changes in dorsoventral morphological specialization

Geometric morphometrics reveals shifts in flower shape symmetry and size following gene knockdown of CYCLOIDEA and ANTHOCYANIDIN SYNTHASE

Peer reviewe

3D Genome Organization in the Developing Macaque Brain

A large proportion of genetic variation underlying differences in behavioral traits and neurodevelopmental disorders remains unknown despite considerable effort. Much work has focused on protein-coding regions, which comprise ~1.5% of primate genomes, compared to functional noncoding elements comprising ~40%. Transcriptional analyses of the developing brain in distantly related primates, such as humans and rhesus macaques, show that spatiotemporal expression patterns are largely conserved across lineages, with minor differences likely contributing to species’ divergence. To delve into genomic mechanisms underlying gene regulation in the developing primate brain, we have generated transcriptional genomic datasets (3’ Tag-Seq (n=3) and single-cell RNA-seq (n=1)) from diverse regions of fetal macaque brains (60 days gestation, late first/early second trimester) representing a time of early neurogenesis. The 3’ Tag-Seq expression levels show correlation with previously published data of the same time point and comparable brain regions and highlights genes important in region-specific development. The single-cell RNA-seq data has revealed a number of different cell types, the majority of which are neuronal in all brain regions with the exception of the cerebellum.We then queried the 3D genome organization of two different brain regions using a targeted protein mediated approach called Proximity Ligation-Assisted ChIP-Seq (PLAC-Seq) to identify DNA interactions within chromatin enriched at active promoters in macaque neural tissue. Our data generated from samples from the prefrontal cortex and cerebellum (n=3, 60 days gestation) shows low enrichment for the H3K4me3 antibody. Despite this low enrichment, we were able to identify 32,959 and 13,814 significant chromatin interactions for prefrontal cortex and cerebellum, respectively. The identified significant interactions in the prefrontal cortex were connected to over half of the genes implicated in ASD from two separate datasets, while significant interactions in the cerebellum connected to about a third of those genes, providing putative cis regulatory elements driving regulation of these disease-associated genes in diverse brain regions

MOESM5 of Elaboration of bilateral symmetry across Knautia macedonica capitula related to changes in ventral petal expression of CYCLOIDEA-like genes

Additional file 5. GenBank accession numbers for sequences included in phylogenetic reconstruction of CYC-like genes across Dipsacales

L'Auto-vélo : automobilisme, cyclisme, athlétisme, yachting, aérostation, escrime, hippisme / dir. Henri Desgranges

06 mai 19361936/05/06 (A37,N12925)

Additional file 6: of Geometric morphometrics reveals shifts in flower shape symmetry and size following gene knockdown of CYCLOIDEA and ANTHOCYANIDIN SYNTHASE

Test for pairwise differences in shape between the untreated samples and the treatments. P-values from permutation tests (10,000 permutation rounds) for Procrustes distances among groups are indicated as: ****, P < 0.0001; *, P < 0.05. (XLS 60 kb