FEATURES OF LEGAL REGULATION OF THE USE OF SMART CONTRACTS: CLASSIFICATION AND MAIN CHARACTERISTICS

Objective: The article is devoted to establishing the main characteristics and classification of smart contracts. The aim of the study is to present a more complete classification of smart contracts according to various criteria.Methods: The utilized research methods rely on the analysis of a limited number of studies selected according to specific parameters and comprehensively reviewed.Results: The study reveals that the existing approaches to defining the characteristics and classification of smart contracts fail to fully reflect the civil law essence of smart contracts. As a result of research, it is concluded that the key characteristics of smart contracts include decentralization, peer-to-peer nature, immutability, transparency, automation, fraud protection, security, and cost-effectiveness.Conclusion: The authors propose a classification of smart contracts by spheres of application, including smart contracts in property relations, smart contracts in finance, smart contracts in credit obligations, smart contracts in social services, and smart contracts in media and reputation management. Additionally, smart contracts are classified by the environment of their execution, the degree of anonymity, the initiation mechanism, the level of automation, and the participation of the parties

El rol y la independencia del investigador en el procedimiento penal de la Federación de Rusia

The subject of the study is the social role and procedural independence of the investigator in the criminal proceedings of the Russian Federation as a key subject conducting criminal proceedings in the pre-trial stages. The authors consider the relationship between the investigator, the prosecutor, the head of the investigative body, the interrogator, and other participants in criminal proceedings, as well as problematic definitions and ensuring the procedural independence of the investigator. The methodology of research have been based on a set of general scientific methods and techniques used by legal science. According to the results of the study, the social role of the investigator in criminal proceedings has been determined, which is considered as one of the fundamental elements of his/her procedural independence. It has been concluded that the social role of the court and the investigator in the criminal process is comparable in terms of their defense of public interests and the importance of their participation in the implementation of criminal law. Therein, the court recognizes an exclusive function – the administration of justice. It has been noted that the absence of norms on the procedural independence of the investigator does not allow determining the place of the investigator in ensuring the balance of interests and mutual responsibility of the individual and the state, since the investigator can only be held liable as a representative of the state if he/she is independent in adopting them at his/her discretion.El tema central del estudio se encuentra constituido por el rol social y la independencia procesal que cumple el investigador en los procedimientos penales de la Federación de Rusia como un sujeto clave, que dirige los procedimientos penales en las etapas previas al juicio. Los autores examinan la relación entre el investigador, el fiscal, el jefe del organismo de investigación, el interrogador y otros participantes en el procedimiento penal frente a la independencia procesal para el investigador. La metodología de investigación utilizada se basa en la metodología jurídica dialéctica, formal lógica y comparativa. Como resultado del estudio, se pudo determinar el rol social del investigador en el procedimiento penal, el cual se considera como elemento fundamental de la independencia procesal. Se concluye que los roles sociales del tribunal y del investigador en el proceso penal son comparables en cuanto a la defensa de los intereses públicos y a la importancia de su participación en la aplicación de las normas del derecho penal. Al mismo tiempo, al tribunal se le reconoce una función exclusiva: la administración de justicia. Se destaca que el vacio normativo referente a la independencia procesal del investigador no permite determinar su rol social como garante del equilibrio de intereses y de la responsabilidad mutua entre el individuo y el Estado, ya que el investigador sólo puede ser considerado responsable como representante del Estado si es independiente al momento de proceder según su discreción

The new laws in the order of formation of the federation council of the federal assembly of the Russian Federation

The purpose of this work is to study the constitutional and legal basis for the formation of the Upper House of the Federal Parliament in connection with the adoption of the Law of the Russian Federation on the Amendment to the Constitution of the Russian Federation of March 14, 2020, No. 1-FKZ "On Improving the Regulation of Certain Aspects of the Organisation and Functioning of Public Authority". Thus, the method of analyzing legal documents allowed concluding the gradual legal consolidation of the order of formation of the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation in the conditions of building a legal democratic state. Having studied the theoretical and legal aspects of the formation of the Federation Council, the authors note that the current order reflects the socio-political realities, corresponds to the foundations of the constitutional system, and allows for a more complete reflection of the constitutional foundations of democracy, popular representation, and the principles of parliamentarism

Administrative and legal regime of digital profiles

This article considers a modern information trend, namely the formation of a digital profile in Russia, which gave rise to a scientific discussion about its positive and negative aspects especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study puts forward and substantiates a hypothesis that digital profiles are an administrative and legal mode of this special information object. This administrative and legal regime consists of the objectives and principles of functioning and protection of this object, a digital profile as an object of the regime, and tools for the legal support of its functioning, i.e. regulatory rules and administrative procedures for the use and security of this object. Filling these components with legal content will allow forming the regulatory structure of a digital profile belonging to a person and other subjects of public relations

El rol y la independencia del investigador en el procedimiento penal de la Federación de Rusia

The subject of the study is the social role and procedural independence of the investigator in the criminal proceedings of the Russian Federation as a key subject conducting criminal proceedings in the pre-trial stages. The authors consider the relationship between the investigator, the prosecutor, the head of the investigative body, the interrogator, and other participants in criminal proceedings, as well as problematic definitions and ensuring the procedural independence of the investigator. The methodology of research have been based on a set of general scientific methods and techniques used by legal science. According to the results of the study, the social role of the investigator in criminal proceedings has been determined, which is considered as one of the fundamental elements of his/her procedural independence. It has been concluded that the social role of the court and the investigator in the criminal process is comparable in terms of their defense of public interests and the importance of their participation in the implementation of criminal law. Therein, the court recognizes an exclusive function – the administration of justice. It has been noted that the absence of norms on the procedural independence of the investigator does not allow determining the place of the investigator in ensuring the balance of interests and mutual responsibility of the individual and the state, since the investigator can only be held liable as a representative of the state if he/she is independent in adopting them at his/her discretion.El tema central del estudio se encuentra constituido por el rol social y la independencia procesal que cumple el investigador en los procedimientos penales de la Federación de Rusia como un sujeto clave, que dirige los procedimientos penales en las etapas previas al juicio. Los autores examinan la relación entre el investigador, el fiscal, el jefe del organismo de investigación, el interrogador y otros participantes en el procedimiento penal frente a la independencia procesal para el investigador. La metodología de investigación utilizada se basa en la metodología jurídica dialéctica, formal lógica y comparativa. Como resultado del estudio, se pudo determinar el rol social del investigador en el procedimiento penal, el cual se considera como elemento fundamental de la independencia procesal. Se concluye que los roles sociales del tribunal y del investigador en el proceso penal son comparables en cuanto a la defensa de los intereses públicos y a la importancia de su participación en la aplicación de las normas del derecho penal. Al mismo tiempo, al tribunal se le reconoce una función exclusiva: la administración de justicia. Se destaca que el vacio normativo referente a la independencia procesal del investigador no permite determinar su rol social como garante del equilibrio de intereses y de la responsabilidad mutua entre el individuo y el Estado, ya que el investigador sólo puede ser considerado responsable como representante del Estado si es independiente al momento de proceder según su discreción