11,052 research outputs found
Magnetorotational-type instability in Couette-Taylor flow of a viscoelastic polymer liquid
We describe an instability of viscoelastic Couette-Taylor flow that is
directly analogous to the magnetorotational instability (MRI) in astrophysical
magnetohydrodynamics, with polymer molecules playing the role of magnetic field
lines. By determining the conditions required for the onset of instability and
the properties of the preferred modes, we distinguish it from the centrifugal
and elastic instabilities studied previously. Experimental demonstration and
investigation should be much easier for the viscoelastic instability than for
the MRI in a liquid metal. The analogy holds with the case of a predominantly
toroidal magnetic field such as is expected in an accretion disk and it may be
possible to access a turbulent regime in which many modes are unstable.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figures, to be published in Physical Review Letter
Emulating Simulations of Cosmic Dawn for 21cm Power Spectrum Constraints on Cosmology, Reionization, and X-ray Heating
Current and upcoming radio interferometric experiments are aiming to make a
statistical characterization of the high-redshift 21cm fluctuation signal
spanning the hydrogen reionization and X-ray heating epochs of the universe.
However, connecting 21cm statistics to underlying physical parameters is
complicated by the theoretical challenge of modeling the relevant physics at
computational speeds quick enough to enable exploration of the high dimensional
and weakly constrained parameter space. In this work, we use machine learning
algorithms to build a fast emulator that mimics expensive simulations of the
21cm signal across a wide parameter space to high precision. We embed our
emulator within a Markov-Chain Monte Carlo framework, enabling it to explore
the posterior distribution over a large number of model parameters, including
those that govern the Epoch of Reionization, the Epoch of X-ray Heating, and
cosmology. As a worked example, we use our emulator to present an updated
parameter constraint forecast for the Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array
experiment, showing that its characterization of a fiducial 21cm power spectrum
will considerably narrow the allowed parameter space of reionization and
heating parameters, and could help strengthen Planck's constraints on
. We provide both our generalized emulator code and its
implementation specifically for 21cm parameter constraints as publicly
available software.Comment: 22 pages, 9 figures; accepted to Ap
Causal Quantum Theory and the Collapse Locality Loophole
Causal quantum theory is an umbrella term for ordinary quantum theory
modified by two hypotheses: state vector reduction is a well-defined process,
and strict local causality applies. The first of these holds in some versions
of Copenhagen quantum theory and need not necessarily imply practically
testable deviations from ordinary quantum theory. The second implies that
measurement events which are spacelike separated have no non-local
correlations. To test this prediction, which sharply differs from standard
quantum theory, requires a precise theory of state vector reduction.
Formally speaking, any precise version of causal quantum theory defines a
local hidden variable theory. However, causal quantum theory is most naturally
seen as a variant of standard quantum theory. For that reason it seems a more
serious rival to standard quantum theory than local hidden variable models
relying on the locality or detector efficiency loopholes.
Some plausible versions of causal quantum theory are not refuted by any Bell
experiments to date, nor is it obvious that they are inconsistent with other
experiments. They evade refutation via a neglected loophole in Bell experiments
-- the {\it collapse locality loophole} -- which exists because of the possible
time lag between a particle entering a measuring device and a collapse taking
place. Fairly definitive tests of causal versus standard quantum theory could
be made by observing entangled particles separated by light
seconds.Comment: Discussion expanded; typos corrected; references adde
Ultraviolet avalanche in anisotropic non-Abelian plasmas
We present solutions of coupled particle-field evolution in classical U(1)
and SU(2) gauge theories in real time on three-dimensional lattices. For
strongly anisotropic particle momentum distributions, we find qualitatively
different behavior for the two theories when the field strength is high enough
that non-Abelian self-interactions matter for SU(2). It appears that the energy
drained by a Weibel-like plasma instability from the particles does not build
up exponentially in transverse magnetic fields but instead returns,
isotropically, to the hard scale via a rapid avalanche into the ultraviolet.Comment: 22 pages, 10 figures; v3: small textual changes; updated to
correspond with version to appear in publicatio
Anomalous Processes with General Waiting Times: Functionals and Multipoint Structure
Many transport processes in nature exhibit anomalous diffusive properties
with non-trivial scaling of the mean square displacement, e.g., diffusion of
cells or of biomolecules inside the cell nucleus, where typically a crossover
between different scaling regimes appears over time. Here, we investigate a
class of anomalous diffusion processes that is able to capture such complex
dynamics by virtue of a general waiting time distribution. We obtain a complete
characterization of such generalized anomalous processes, including their
functionals and multi-point structure, using a representation in terms of a
normal diffusive process plus a stochastic time change. In particular, we
derive analytical closed form expressions for the two-point correlation
functions, which can be readily compared with experimental data.Comment: Accepted in Phys. Rev. Let
Quantum corrections to critical phenomena in gravitational collapse
We investigate conformally coupled quantum matter fields on spherically
symmetric, continuously self-similar backgrounds. By exploiting the symmetry
associated with the self-similarity the general structure of the renormalized
quantum stress-energy tensor can be derived. As an immediate application we
consider a combination of classical, and quantum perturbations about exactly
critical collapse. Generalizing the standard argument which explains the
scaling law for black hole mass, , we
demonstrate the existence of a quantum mass gap when the classical critical
exponent satisfies . When our argument is
inconclusive; the semi-classical approximation breaks down in the spacetime
region of interest.Comment: RevTeX, 6 pages, 3 figures included using psfi
On the Hierarchical Preconditioning of the PMCHWT Integral Equation on Simply and Multiply Connected Geometries
We present a hierarchical basis preconditioning strategy for the
Poggio-Miller-Chang-Harrington-Wu-Tsai (PMCHWT) integral equation considering
both simply and multiply connected geometries.To this end, we first consider
the direct application of hierarchical basis preconditioners, developed for the
Electric Field Integral Equation (EFIE), to the PMCHWT. It is notably found
that, whereas for the EFIE a diagonal preconditioner can be used for obtaining
the hierarchical basis scaling factors, this strategy is catastrophic in the
case of the PMCHWT since it leads to a severly ill-conditioned PMCHWT system in
the case of multiply connected geometries. We then proceed to a theoretical
analysis of the effect of hierarchical bases on the PMCHWT operator for which
we obtain the correct scaling factors and a provably effective preconditioner
for both low frequencies and mesh refinements. Numerical results will
corroborate the theory and show the effectiveness of our approach
Non-local Correlations are Generic in Infinite-Dimensional Bipartite Systems
It was recently shown that the nonseparable density operators for a bipartite
system are trace norm dense if either factor space has infinite dimension. We
show here that non-local states -- i.e., states whose correlations cannot be
reproduced by any local hidden variable model -- are also dense. Our
constructions distinguish between the cases where both factor spaces are
infinite-dimensional, where we show that states violating the CHSH inequality
are dense, and the case where only one factor space is infinite-dimensional,
where we identify open neighborhoods of nonseparable states that do not violate
the CHSH inequality but show that states with a subtler form of non-locality
(often called "hidden" non-locality) remain dense.Comment: 8 pages, RevTe
Distortion of surfactant lamellar phases with particles and rough interfaces
Even simple liquid crystal phases of surfactants display a rich variety of behavior and the understanding of the physical principles of factors that cause changes is important. It has been suggested recently that defects in liquid crystals can be important in respect of biological function of cells1. Inserting large colloidal particles even at low concentrations is known to perturb strongly the lamellar phases of non-ionic surfactants2. Our recent work has explored the difference between small perturbations of the order of the lamellar spacing and larger distortions that may primarily change the curvature and geometry by comparing effects of different size particles and by observing the modifications due to roughness in the proximity of solid/liquid interfaces. The interplay of thermal fluctuations as described by Helfrich3 that stabilize these phases and the perturbations is significant. For example both the spacing and orientation are modified with temperature and roughness near an interface. Studies of bulk and near surface behavior will be reported and discussed in terms of theoretical ideas.
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