Семантичні зміни в лексичному складі російської та української мов

Использование вычислительной техники и радиоэлектроники способствовало формированию специальной группы лексических единиц. Номинация новых явлений и понятий является актуальной проблемой нынешнего этапа развития языка. Изменение семантического наполнения – это один из способов решения данной проблемы. Расширение или сужение семантического объема слов способствует обогащению лексической системы, а именно терминологии.Використання обчислювальної техніки та радіоелектроніки спричинило формування спеціальної групи лексичних одиниць. Номінація нових явищ та понять є актуальною проблемою теперішнього етапу розвитку мови. Зміна семантичного об'єму – це один із засобів вирішення даної проблеми. Звуження або розширення семантичного наповнення сприяє збагаченню лексичної системи, а саме термінології.Using of radio-electronic devices forced the formation of a special group of lexical units. The nomination of new processes and notions is an actual problem of today's language development. Semantic changes of existing units is one of the decisions of the problem. Widening and narrowing of semantic meanings promotes the enrichment of lexical system, especially the system of terminology

Haptoglobin related protein levels are correlated with haptoglobin levels in A) Gabonese and B) Caucasian children.

<p>Scatterplot of raw Hpr values (mg/ml) plotted against raw Hp values (mg/ml). Associations were assessed by Spearmans rho. Hpr was positively correlated with Hp in A) Gabonese children (r_s = 0.29, <i>P</i><0.001), and B) Caucasian children (r_s = 0.51, <i>P</i><0.001).</p

Field study design, data analysis and modeling framework.

<p>N = number of observations.</p

Hpr levels in Gabonese and Caucasian children.

<p>Values represent median [interquartile range]. P-values represent comparisons between Caucasians and Gabonese children.</p

Submicroscopic placental infection by non-<i>falciparum Plasmodium</i> spp.

<div><p>Background</p><p>Among the <i>Plasmodium</i> species that infect humans, adverse effects of <i>P</i>. <i>falciparum</i> and <i>P</i>. <i>vivax</i> have been extensively studied and reported with respect to poor outcomes particularly in first time mothers and in pregnant women living in areas with unstable malaria transmission. Although, other non-<i>falciparum</i> malaria infections during pregnancy have sometimes been reported, little is known about the dynamics of these infections during pregnancy.</p><p>Methods and findings</p><p>Using a quantitative PCR approach, blood samples collected from Beninese pregnant women during the first antenatal visit (ANV) and at delivery including placental blood were screened for <i>Plasmodium</i> spp. Risk factors associated with <i>Plasmodium spp</i>. infection during pregnancy were assessed as well as the relationships with pregnancy outcomes.</p><p><i>P</i>. <i>falciparum</i> was the most prevalent <i>Plasmodium</i> species detected during pregnancy, irrespective either of parity, of age or of season during which the infection occurred. Although no <i>P</i>. <i>vivax</i> infections were detected in this cohort, <i>P</i>. <i>malariae</i> (9.2%) and <i>P</i>. <i>ovale</i> (5.8%) infections were observed in samples collected during the first ANV. These non-<i>falciparum</i> infections were also detected in maternal peripheral blood (1.3% for <i>P</i>. <i>malariae</i> and 1.2% for <i>P</i>. <i>ovale</i>) at delivery. Importantly, higher prevalence of <i>P</i>. <i>malariae</i> (5.5%) was observed in placental than peripheral blood while that of <i>P</i>. <i>ovale</i> was similar (1.8% in placental blood). Among the non-<i>falciparum</i> infected pregnant women with paired peripheral and placental samples, <i>P</i>. <i>malariae</i> infections in the placental blood was significantly higher than in the peripheral blood, suggesting a possible affinity of <i>P</i>. <i>malariae</i> for the placenta. However, no assoctiation of non-<i>falciparum</i> infections and the pregnancy outcomes was observed</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>Overall this study provided insights into the molecular epidemiology of <i>Plasmodium</i> spp. infection during pregnancy, indicating placental infection by non-<i>falciparum Plasmodium</i> and the lack of association of these infections with adverse pregnancy outcomes.</p></div

Risk factors for <i>P</i>. <i>falciparum</i> and non-<i>falciparum</i> malaria mixed infections at enrolment.

<p>Risk factors for <i>P</i>. <i>falciparum</i> and non-<i>falciparum</i> malaria mixed infections at enrolment.</p

Association of <i>Plasmodium</i> spp. infections at delivery with pregnancy outcomes.

<p>Association of <i>Plasmodium</i> spp. infections at delivery with pregnancy outcomes.</p

Acute phase protein levels, parasitaemia and frequency of haptoglobin polymorphisms in Gabonese children.

<p>Continuous data are shown as median value [inter-quartile range] or mean (standard deviation) and categorical data are n (%). Note for C-reactive protein, albumin and plasmodium prevalence n = 550.</p>1<p>C-reactive protein >10 µg/mL was the cut-off used to define an acute phase response <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0049816#pone.0049816-Gabay1" target="_blank">[17]</a>.</p>2<p>The cut off value for hypohaptoglobinaemia is <0.18 mg/mL <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0049816#pone.0049816-Kunitake1" target="_blank">[29]</a>.</p>3<p>The cut off value for low albumin is <35 mg/mL <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0049816#pone.0049816-McGuire1" target="_blank">[30]</a>.</p>4<p>The frequency of species in this population has been published previously <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0049816#pone.0049816-Fowkes1" target="_blank">[21]</a>.</p

Univariate assessments of the influence of variables of interest on Hpr levels in Gabonese children.

<p>Coefficients are from univariate general linear models investigating the association between variables of interest and log(Haptoglobin-related protein) values.</p

Risk factors for <i>P</i>. <i>falciparum</i> malaria infections at enrolment.

<p>Risk factors for <i>P</i>. <i>falciparum</i> malaria infections at enrolment.</p