The Armies of the Streets: The New York City Draft Riots of 1863

In July 1863 New York City experienced widespread rioting unparalleled in the history of the nation. Here for the first time is a scholarly analysis of the Draft Riots, dealing with motives and with the reasons for the recurring civil disorders in nineteenth-century New York: the appalling living conditions, the corruption of the civic government, and the geographical and economic factors that led up to the social upheaval. Adrian Cook was educated at Johns Hopkins and at the University of Cambridge, where he took a double first and a Ph.D. While completing this book he was a Fellow of the Institute of Research in the Humanities, University of Wisconsin. [S]hould please both scholars and general readers. . . . easily surpasses previous books on the subject. —Library Journalhttps://uknowledge.uky.edu/upk_united_states_history/1055/thumbnail.jp

CD4+ T cell hyporesponsiveness after repeated exposure to Schistosoma mansoni larvae is dependent upon interleukin-10

The effect that multiple percutaneous exposures to Schistosoma larvae has on the development of early CD4+ lymphocyte reactivity is unclear, yet it is important in the context of humans living in areas where schistosomiasis is endemic. In a murine model of multiple infections, we show that exposure of mice to repeated doses (4×) of Schistosoma mansoni cercariae, compared to a single dose (1×), results in CD4+ T cell hyporesponsiveness within the skin-draining lymph nodes (sdLN), manifested as reduced CD4+ cell proliferation and cytokine production. FoxP3+ CD4+ regulatory T cells were present in similar numbers in the sdLN of 4× and 1× mice and thus are unlikely to have a role in effecting hyporesponsiveness. Moreover, anergy of the CD4+ cell population from 4× mice was slight, as proliferation was only partly circumvented through the in vitro addition of exogenous interleukin-2 (IL-2), and the in vivo blockade of the regulatory molecule PD1 had a minimal effect on restoring responsiveness. In contrast, IL-10 was observed to be critical in mediating hyporesponsiveness, as CD4+ cells from the sdLN of 4× mice deficient for IL-10 were readily able to proliferate, unlike those from 4× wild-type cohorts. CD4+ cells from the sdLN of 4× mice exhibited higher levels of apoptosis and cell death, but in the absence of IL-10, there was significantly less cell death. Combined, our data show that IL-10 is a key factor in the development of CD4+ T cell hyporesponsiveness after repeated parasite exposure involving CD4+ cell apoptosis

Adapting the FlexiArch for widening a complex arch bridge

The 1840's Teewell Hill arch bridge, in the suburbs of Bristol, UK, was no longer adequate for increasing local traffic levels and needed to be widened. Several widening options were considered and it was concluded that the innovative ‘FlexiArch’ would best accommodate the complex geometry of the existing structure while minimising social and economic impacts. In order to elegantly accommodate the raked spandrel walls of the existing bridge Macrete and WSP|Parsons Brinckerhoff worked collaboratively to produce a custom-designed, high-quality, precast concrete FlexiArch, which matched the contours of the existing bridge. As the FlexiArch system has no corrodible reinforcement, it is highly sustainable and will result in reduced maintenance, as for the existing bridge. The elimination of centring and speed of construction (hours not months) minimised disruption to road traffic and to cyclists on the cycle network below the bridge – a key project criterion required by the client. Thus, in addition to addressing an accident black spot, the FlexiArch solution provided South Gloucestershire Council (the client) with an aesthetically pleasing and fully functional solution at a competitive cost

Professional Sports Teams: Going Beyond the Core

Purpose - The addition of products to the core of matches by Professional Sports Teams (PSTs) has received much coverage. However, there has been limited work as to how their stadiums are used to stage non-sporting events. This paper investigates how clubs in the English Football League (EFL) use their venues to diversify into other markets. Design/methodology - Secondary sources were used to categorise the teams who played in the EFL by: average division turnover, stadium capacity and stadium age. Semi-structured interviews were held with a member of the commercial teams of 21 clubs. Findings - Clubs use their stadiums to supply a range of products and working with partners is commonplace. These products are targeted at a range of stakeholders, such as supporters, the local community and regionally based organisations. In addition to their own efforts, increased geographical coverage for clubs usually develops in three ways: via internal marketing by local organisations who use the facilities, agents who market the stadium for the club, and the EFL who market the league/clubs holistically. Research limitations/implications - The use of a stadium allows PSTs to diversify by providing new products for new markets. In this instance it has led to the development of capabilities in areas such as conferencing, funerals and weddings. Originality - This is one of the first papers to examine the capabilities developed by PSTs that lie outside the staging of matches

A pragmatic multi-centre randomised controlled trial of fluid loading and level of dependency in high-risk surgical patients undergoing major elective surgery : trial protocol

Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Determination of Chlorpropham (CIPC) residues, in the concrete flooring of potato stores, using quantitative (HPLC UV/VIS) and qualitative (GCMS) methods

Isopropyl-N-(3-chlorophenyl) carbamate (CIPC, common name Chlorpropham) is commonly used for post-harvest sprout inhibition in stored potatoes. It is applied as a thermal fog which results in loss to the fabric of the store and the atmosphere. Recently, there have been concerns in the United Kingdom because of cross contamination of other crop commodities that were stored in buildings with a history of CIPC usage. This cross contamination may have occurred because of retained residues in the fabric of the stores. The retention of CIPC in concrete is poorly understood; therefore the requirement for a robust analytical method for the detection and quantification of CIPC in concrete is a critical first step in tackling this problem. A method using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with ultraviolet detection (HPLC UV/VIS) was validated. CIPC recoveries at three concentration levels (0.4, 4.0 and 40.0 µg g-1) were in the range of 90.7-97.0 % with relative standard deviations between 2.14-3.01 %. The limits of detection and quantification were 0.03 and 0.1 µg g-1 , respectively. This study confirmed that CIPC was persistent in concrete to a depth of 4 cm, with > 90 % within the top 1 cm of the flooring

The risk of chlorpropham cross-contamination of grain in potato stores

The contamination of food with pesticide residues is of significant concern to consumers and legislation has been implemented worldwide to ensure compliance with Maximum Residue Levels of chemicals in food. The occurrence of the potato sprout inhibitor, isopropyl N-(3-chlorophenyl) carbamate (chlorpropham or CIPC) residues on cereals, such as wheat, is of concern as this chemical is not authorised for use on cereals, and therefore the route of unintentional contamination warrants further investigation. This study reports on the risk of CIPC cross-contamination of grain that was stored in a commercial potato store and provides a method for low level quantification of CIPC in cereals. A High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC UV/VIS) method for quantifying residues of CIPC in grains was successfully validated and the presence of CIPC was confirmed by Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GCMS). The magnitude of contamination in the grain was influenced by: (I) direct contact with the flooring of the store; (II) the headspace directly above the concrete surface and within the store itself and (III) contaminated dust/CIPC particles in the store atmosphere. Cross contamination is feasible irrespective of the CIPC concentrations in the concrete flooring and even with storage of grain at an elevated height above the concrete, suggesting that the route of cross contamination is a complex process involving physical and chemical (volatilization) factors. The results are significant for recommendations involving the storage of grain in buildings with a history of CIPC use and for remedial strategies for decontamination of these buildings

An Instruction Language for Self-Construction in the Context of Neural Networks

Biological systems are based on an entirely different concept of construction than human artifacts. They construct themselves by a process of self-organization that is a systematic spatio-temporal generation of, and interaction between, various specialized cell types. We propose a framework for designing gene-like codes for guiding the self-construction of neural networks. The description of neural development is formalized by defining a set of primitive actions taken locally by neural precursors during corticogenesis. These primitives can be combined into networks of instructions similar to biochemical pathways, capable of reproducing complex developmental sequences in a biologically plausible way. Moreover, the conditional activation and deactivation of these instruction networks can also be controlled by these primitives, allowing for the design of a “genetic code” containing both coding and regulating elements. We demonstrate in a simulation of physical cell development how this code can be incorporated into a single progenitor, which then by replication and differentiation, reproduces important aspects of corticogenesis