Strengthening the Position and Function of the Judicial Commission in the Republic of Indonesia State Administration System

The presence of the Judicial Commission in the Indonesian State System after the amendment to the 1945 Constitution is to bring a new direction in the nation's journey, especially in the Judiciary field, to maintain and uphold the code of ethics and behavior and the Dignity of the Indonesian Judge Individuals. The purpose of this research is to analyze the position of the Judicial Commission in the Indonesian State Administration according to the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, analyzing the meaning of other authorities of the Judicial Commission, and analyzing the concept of supervision of judges in realizing an independent judicial power. Research method, type of normative research, using the approach of legislation, conceptual approach, philosophical approach, and historical approach. Using primary, secondary and tertiary legal materials. The legal material obtained is processed and analyzed in a prescriptive normative manner. Conclusion, the position of the Judicial Commission in the Indonesian State System is a state institution that has the same position as other high state institutions. The existence of the Judicial Commission in the system of judicial power is auxiliary and supporting body, the meaning of other authorities in Article 24 B of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia is not clearly regulated both at the level of constitutional norms, and the law on Judicial Commission and practice. The supervision of judges to realize an independent judicial power is to reconcile the institutional supervision of judges and the authority of the supervisory institution. Institutionally, the concept of supervising judges externally is carried out by the Judicial Commission through a one-roof policy; the Judicial Commission has the authority to supervise Judges, Supreme Judges of the Supreme Court and Constitutional Justices in the Constitutional Court. Keywords: Judicial Commission, Republic of Indonesia State Administration Syste

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Silicon nanoparticles and interstellar extinction

To examine a recently proposed hypothesis that silicon nanoparticles are the source of extended red emission (ERE) in the interstellar medium, we performed a detailed modeling of the mean Galactic extinction in the presence of silicon nanoparticles. For this goal we used the appropriate optical constants of nanosized Si, essentially different from those of bulk Si due to quantum confinement. It was found that a dust mixture of silicon nanoparticles, bare graphite grains, silicate core-organic refractory mantle grains and three-layer silicate-water ice-organic refractory grains works well in explaining the extinction and, in addition, results in the acceptable fractions of UV/visible photons absorbed by silicon nanoparticles: 0.071-0.081. Since these fractions barely agree with the fraction of UV/visible photons needed to excite the observed ERE, we conclude that the intrinsic photon conversion efficiency of the photoluminescence by silicon nanoparticles must be near 100%, if they are the source of the ERE.Comment: Latex2e, uses emulateapj.sty (included), multicol.sty, epsf.sty, 6 pages, 3 figures (8 Postscript files), accepted for publication in ApJ Letters, complete Postscript file is also available at http://physics.technion.ac.il/~zubko/eb.html#SNP

X-ray Halos and Large Grains in the Diffuse Interstellar Medium

Recent observations with dust detectors on board the interplanetary spacecraft Ulysses and Galileo have recorded a substantial flux of large interstellar grains with radii between 0.25 and 2.0 mu entering the solar system from the local interstellar cloud. The most commonly used interstellar grain size distribution is characterized by a a^-3.5 power law in grain radii a, and extends to a maximum grain radius of 0.25 mu. The extension of the interstellar grain size distribution to such large radii will have a major effect on the median grain size, and on the amount of mass needed to be tied up in dust for a given visual optical depth. It is therefore important to investigate whether this population of larger dust particles prevails in the general interstellar medium, or if it is merely a local phenomenon. The presence of large interstellar grains can be mainly inferred from their effect on the intensity and radial profiles of scattering halos around X-ray sources. In this paper we examine the grain size distribution that gives rise to the X-ray halo around Nova Cygni 1992. The results of our study confirm the need to extend the interstellar grain size distribution in the direction of this source to and possibly beyond 2.0 mu. The model that gives the best fit to the halo data is characterized by: (1) a grain size distribution that follows an a^-3.5 power law up to 0.50 mu, followed by an a^-4.0 extension from 0.50 mu to 2.0 mu; and (2) silicate and graphite (carbon) dust-to-gas mass ratios of 0.0044 and 0.0022, respectively, consistent with solar abundances constraints. Additional observations of X-ray halos probing other spatial directions are badly needed to test the general validity of this result.Comment: 17 pages, incl. 1 figure, accepted for publ. by ApJ Letter