İndeks sayıların kullanımı

TEZ6217Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- Çukurova Üniversitesi, Adana, 2007.Kaynakça (s.209-217) var.xiii, 218 s. ; 29 cm.Economy is the main affair of the countries. When the economy is strong in a country, then that country is powerful and enforces the others. In order to compare the wealth of the countries, we need some indicators. Therefore they measure some information and prepare indicators showing various information about the country. Among these indicators, the price statistics and indices are very important all over the world. They play a role to decide whether a country is developed or not. In order to obtain these index numbers, various formulas and approaches have been developed during last two centuries. In this work, we will try to explain these index formulas and approaches. We will examine their advantages and disadvantages. Also, the aggregation methods of price indices and the estimation of inflation in our country (Türkiye) are explained. In stochastic approach, index numbers are estimated using the estimators of parameters of special regression models. The most important thing is that the standard errors of the index numbers are obtained by this approach. Standard errors reflect the reliability and the precision of an index number which is measuring the price change of a basket of goods and services. At the end, some sample prices are applied to calculate Laspeyres and Paasche indices. Besides, an estimation of inflation rate using special regression models and using stochastic approach the confidence interval for the inflation are calculated.Ekonomi, ülkelerin en önemli dengelerinden biridir. Bir ülkede ekonomi güçlü ise o ülke de güçlüdür ve diğerlerine karşı daha üstündür. Ülkelerin zenginliklerini karşılaştırmak için bir takım göstergelere ihtiyaç duyulur. Bu nedenle bazı bilgiler toplanır ve ülkenin bir takım değerlerini gösteren göstergeler hazırlanır. Bu göstergeler arasında, fiyat istatistikleri ve indeksleri tüm dünyada en önemlileridir. Bir ülkenin gelişmiş olup olmadığına karar vermede önemli rol oynarlar. Geçen iki yüzyıl boyunca indeks sayıları elde etmek için çeşitli formüller ve yaklaşımlar geliştirilmiştir. Bu çalışmada, indeks formülleri ve yaklaşımları açıklanacaktır. Kullanıldıkları yerlere göre avantaj veya dezavantajları tespit edilecektir. Ayrıca, Türkiye'de fiyat derleme yöntemlerini, indekslerin nasıl hesaplandığı ve enflasyon tahminlerinin nasıl yapıldığı açıklanacaktır. Stokastik yaklaşım ile özel regresyon modelleri yardımıyla parametre tahminleri hesaplanarak indeks değerleri ortaya çıkarılacaktır. En önemlisi, bu yaklaşımla indeks sayılardaki standart hatalar elde edilecektir. Standart hatalar, hizmet ve ürün sepetindeki fiyat değişikliğini ölçen indeks sayıların güvenilirliğini yansıtmaktadır. Ayrıca örnek ürün sepeti ile Laspeyres ve Paasche indeks değerlerini hesaplanacaktır. Bunun yanısıra, özel regresyon modelleri ve stokastik yaklaşım yardımıyla enflasyon oranı için güven aralığı oluşturulacaktır.Bu çalışma Ç.Ü. Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Birimi Tarafından Desteklenmiştir. Proje No

Comparison of MERNİS and burial permits on death statistics: The Erzurum regıon

Son yıllarda istatistiksel bilgilerin üretiminde idari kayıtların oranı gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan ülkelerde artmaktadır. Bu amaçla ülkeler idari kayıt sistemlerini güçlendirmekte, bu sistemler birbirleri ile ilişkilendirilerek yeni sistemler ve veri tabanları elde edilmektedir. Bu çalışmada 2005-2007 yıllarına ait TRA1 Erzurum, Erzincan ve Bayburt bölgesinde veri girişi yapılan defin ruhsatlarında (ölüm istatistik formu) belirtilen ölümler ile aynı zaman diliminde MERNİS veri tabanına kaydı yapılan ölümler karşılaştırılmıştır. Kayıtların elde edilme yöntemleri tartışılarak her iki kayıtta da önemli kapsam eksiklikleri bulunduğu tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca daha kaliteli bir kayıt sistemi için önerilerde bulunulmuştur.In recent years, the usage of administrative records for the production of statistical knowledge has been wide-spreading among developed and developing countries. Therefore, the administrative record systems of countries have been strengthened and through the association of these systems, actual and reliable statistics can be gathered. In this study, the deaths according to the burial permits and MERNİS were compared in TRA1 (Erzurum, Erzincan, Bayburt) Region for years between 2005 and 2007. The gathering methods of these two record systems were discussed and some important deficiencies of two systems were determined. Also, we suggested some novelties for better record system for death statistics

Modified ridge regression parameters: A comparative Monte Carlo study

WOS:000347016500016In multiple regression analysis, the independent variables should beuncorrelated within each other. If they are highly intercorrelated, thisserious problem is called multicollinearity. There are several methodsto get rid of this problem and one of the most famous one is the ridgeregression. In this paper, we will propose some modified ridge parameters. We will compare our estimators with some estimators proposedearlier according to mean squared error (MSE) criterion. All resultsare calculated by a Monte Carlo simulation. According to simulationstudy, our estimators perform better than the others in most of thesituations in the sense of MSE

Some new modifications of Kibria’s and Dorugade’s methods: An application to Turkish GDP data

In multiple linear regression analysis, multicollinearity is an important problem. Ridge regression is one of the most commonly used methods to overcome this problem. There are many proposed ridge parameters in the literature. In this paper, we propose some new modifications to choose the ridge parameter. A Monte Carlo simulation is used to evaluate parameters. Also, biases of the estimators are considered. The mean squared error is used to compare the performance of the proposed estimators with others in the literature. According to the results, all the proposed estimators are superior to ordinary least squared estimator (OLS)

Levetiracetam Serum Concentrations in Pediatric Patients: Is There a Role in Clinical Decision Making?

Objective:Monitoring levetiracetam plasma concentration is not frequently used in clinical practice due to the linear pharmacokinetics of the drug and the absence of drug interactions. Nonetheless, some studies mention pharmacokinetic interactions of the drug and suggest drug level monitoring. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of concomitant antiepileptics on levetiracetam plasma concentration in children and to determine the importance of drug plasma concentration in clinical follow-up.Methods:One hundred and forty patients with epileptic seizures on levetiracetam therapy, aged between 1 month and 18 years, were enrolled in this retrospective study. We evaluated gender, age, body weight, daily drug dose, comedication with enzyme inducers and inhibitors, and levetiracetam serum trough concentration records of patients admitted to Pediatric Neurology Clinic between 2018 and 2020.Results:In this study, 57.9% of 140 patients were on monotherapy. The mean dose of levetiracetam was 35.40 mg/kg/day, while the mean drug concentration was 14.06 μg/mL. The correlation between the dose and the serum concentration in the polytherapy group was poor (P = .024), whereas it was positive and highly significant in the monotherapy group (P < .001). The plasma concentration of the drug was not affected by the enzyme inhibitors and inducers, as there was no significant difference between the groups.Conclusion:Monitoring is not necessary for patients on levetiracetam, even in polypharmacy. The clinical decision is not affected by plasma drug concentration as drug has linear pharmacokinetics and the drug concentration is not affected by concomitant drugs, and age has no significant impact on plasma concentrations

Does iron therapy have a place in the management of all breath-holding spells?

Aim of this study was to analyze the effect of iron therapy in children with breath-holding spells, irrespective of their hemoglobin level. Method: All of the children were evaluated in terms of age, sex, age at onset of the attack, attack frequency, type of breath-holding spell, family pedigree, laboratory values. All enrolled patients were given iron at the dose of 4 mg/kg/day as a single daily dose for 3 months. Patients were called for follow-up appointments 1 and 3 months after the initiation of treatment to record the frequency and severity of spells. Results: The mean age of the patients was 12.50 ± 9.51 months. Patients were divided into two groups according to the hemoglobin level. The frequency of anemia in children with spells was recorded as 27%. Out of 100 patients treated with iron, 43% showed complete remission at the end of 1 month. At the end of the 3 months, percentage of complete responders increased to 80%. After three-month of iron treatment, 96.2% of the anemic and 73.97% of the non-anemic patients were spell-free. Eight children had mild adverse effects after iron therapy that did not require dose modification. Conclusions: This study confirmed that iron therapy reduces spell frequency regardless of anemia in all breath-holding spells. A three-month empiric iron therapy should be offered to all children with spells

Gabapentini Kötüye Kullanan ile Tedavi Amaçlı Kullanan Mahkumlar Arasındaki Sosyo Demografik ve Klinik Değişkenlerin Karşılaştırılması

WOS:000412947000006Amaç: Gabapentini tedavi amaçlı-endikasyonlu kullanan mahkumlar ile kötüye kullanan mahkumlar arasındaki sosyodemoğrafik ve klinik verileri karşılaştırmak. Metod: Bu çalışmaya Haziran 2012-Aralık 2014 yılları arasında Konya E Tipi Cezaevinde kalan, cezaevi polikliniğine başvuran ve ağrı polikiliniğimize sevkedilen gabapentin kullananlar mahkumlar dahil edildi. Gabapentini mevcut şikayetlerinden dolayı endikasyonsuz kullananlar (Grup 1), hastalığa bağlı olarak endikasyonlu kullananlar (Grup 2) DSM IV-TR ye göre madde bağımlılığı, madde kötüye kullanımı ve gabapentin kötüye kullanımı yönünden araştırıldı. Bulgular: Endikasyonsuz gabapentin kullanan mahkumların (Grup 1) tamamına yakını (n:21) gabapentini kas ağrıları, nöropatik ağrı, uyku bozukluğu, anksiyete belirtileri, terleme, titreme ve bulantı-kusma için kullandığını belirtirken, endikasyonlu olarak gabapentini kullanan mahkumlar (Grup 2) daha çok mevcut hastalıklarının belirtilerini baskılamak için (diyabetik nöropati, ve epilepsi) kullandıkları tespit edilmiştir. Endikasyonsuz kullanan grubun birinci derece yakınlarında alkol/madde kullanımının daha yüksek olduğu belirlenmiştir (P0.001). Grup 1 için madde bağımlılığı (n10) ve madde kötüye kullanımı (n13) anlamlı olarak Grup 2den yüksek bulunmuştur (P0.001). Sonuç: DSM IV-TRye göre madde bağımlılığı ve madde kötüye kullanımı tanısı alan mahkumların cezaevine girdikten sonra özellikle opioid çekilme belirtilerini engellemek için gabapentin kullandıkları ve gabapentin kötüye kullanımı tanımına uydukları görülmüştürObjective: To compare the socio-demographic and clinical data of inmates using gabapentin for medicinal purposes and those abusing the drug. Methods: The study included inmates of the Konya E-Type Prison who used gabapentin between June 2012 and December 2014 and were admitted to the prison polyclinic. The participants were divided into two groups; those using gabapentin due to existing symptoms without any labeled indication (Group 1), and those using the medication due to disorders with labeled indications (Group 2). Both groups were investigated in terms of drug addiction, drug abuse, and gabapentin abuse according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-Text Revision (DSM IV-TR). Results: Nearly all inmates (n21) using gabapentin with off-label indications (Group 1) reported using it due to muscle pain, neuropathic pain, sleep disorder, signs of anxiety, sweating, trembling, and nausea-vomiting, whereas those using gabapentin with labeled indications (Group 2) reported using it because of their diseases, such as diabetic neuropathy and epilepsy. Alcohol/substance abuse was found higher among the first-degree relatives of those using gabapentin with off-label indications (P 0.001). The rates of substance dependence (n10) and substance abuse (n13) were significantly higher in Group 1 than in Group 2 (P 0.001). Conclusion: The inmates who were diagnosed as having drug addiction and substance abuse according to the DSM-IV-TR used gabapentin after entering prison to prevent opioid withdrawal symptom

Çocukluk Çağı Obezite ve Metabolik Sendromda Serum Heat Şok Protein 70, S100A12 ve Matriks Gla Protein

Amaç: Metabolik Sendromun primer nedeni erişkin ve çocuk popülasyonunda insülin rezistansı ile sonuçlanan düşük dereceli inflamasyon ile ilgili obezitedir. Heat şok protein 70,S100A12 ve matriks Gla protein kronik inflamatuar hastalık ile ilgilidir. Çocuk çağı obezitesi ve metabolik sendromun da bu markırları değerlendirmeyi amaçladık. Gereç ve Yöntem: Bu çalışma 10-15 yaş aralığında 45 obez çocuk ve 47 metabolik sendrom'lu çocukta yapıldı. Heat şok protein 70, S100A12 ve matriks Gla protein ELISA metodu kullanılarak ölçüldü.Bulgular: Obez çocuklarda serum matriks Gla protein ve S100A12 seviyeleri metabolik sendrom'lu gruptan anlamlı olarak yüksekti (p0.05). İlaveten, metabolik sendrom ve obez bireyler arasında serum hsCRP (p0.288) ve heat şok protein 70 (p0.960) fark yoktu. Her iki grupta S100A12, matriks Gla protein ve heat şok protein 70 seviyeleri arasında anlamlı pozitif korelasyon vardı. Sonuç: Bulgularımız S100A12, matriks Gla protein ve heat şok protein 70 biyomarkırları metabolik sendrom ve obezite ile anlamlı olarak ilgili olduğunu gösterdi. Obezite metabolik sendrom gelişiminde önemli bir risk faktörüdür. Obezitede bu proteinlerin artışı, metabolik sendrom ve diabet gibi metabolik bozuklukların gelişiminin önlenmesinde ilgi çekici olabilir.Objectives: The primary cause of the metabolic syndrome appears to be obesity that is associated with a low-grade inflammatory state resulting from insulin resistance in both adult and pediatric populations. Heat shock protein 70, S100A12 and matrix Gla protein are involved in chronic inflammatory diseases. We aimed to evaluate the association between these markers and childhood obesity and metabolic syndrome. Materials and Methods: This study was performed with 45 obese children aged 10-15 years and 47 children with metabolic syndrome aged 10-15 years. Serum heat shock protein 70, S100A12 and matrix Gla protein levels were measured by using ELISA method. Results: Serum matrix Gla protein and S100A12 levels in obese subjects were significantly higher than metabolic syndrome groups (p>0.05). However no significant differences were observed in serum high sensitivity Creactive protein (p0.288) and heat shock protein 70 (p0.960) levels between metabolic syndrome and obese subjects. There was a significant positive correlation between serum S100A12, matrix Gla protein and heat shock protein 70 levels in both groups. Conclusions: Our findings showed a significant association between heat shock protein 70, S100A12, matrix Gla protein, and obesity and metabolic syndrome. Obesity may be involved in increased risk of developing metabolic syndrome. It might be useful to focus on the roles of these proteins in obesity in accordance with the prevention of the development of metabolic syndrome and other metabolic disorders like diabetes

Multifocal Electroretinography in Myopia

Amaç: Miyop bireylerde maküla ve periferik retina fonksiyonlarının multifokal elektroretinografi (Mf-ERG) ile incelenmesidir. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Yüz on sekizi kadın, ve 106'sı erkek, olmak üzere toplam 224 hasta Mf-ERG ile incelendi. Kırma kusuru derecesine göre hastalar dört gruba ayrıldı. Birinci grup 0,00-0,75 D (kontrol grubu), ikinci grup -1,00-3,00 D, üçüncü grup -3,25-6,00 D, dördüncü grup -6,25-12,00 D miyoplardan oluşturuldu. Mf-ERG ile 1. kernel yanıtları incelendi. Bulgular: Mf-ERG ilk pzitif (P1) ve ilk negatif (N1) amplitüdleri santral bölge dışında perifere doğru azalırken, latanslar santral bölge de dahil hemen hemen tüm halkalarda uzamış bulundu. N1 dalgası amplitüd ve latans değerleri aksiyel uzunluk/sferik ekivalan (AU/SE) ile zayıf orta şiddette korelasyon gösterirken, P1 dalgası amplitüd ve latans değerleri AU/SE ile hiçbir halkada korelasyon göstermedi. Sonuç: Yüksek miyoplardaki Mf-ERG yanıtlarında anlamlı farklılığın AU ve SE'nin etkisinden ziyade oldukça kompleks bir yapıya sahip olan retinadan kaynaklandığı düşünülmektedir. Mf-ERG yanıtlarında hem latans hemde amplitüdlerin bozulması ise miyopide iç ve dış retinal fonksiyonların bozulduğunu göstermektedir.Objective: To evaluate the macular and peripheral retinal functions in myopic subjects using multifocal electroretinography (Mf-ERG). Material and Methods: 118 females and 106 males, a total of 224 subjects were evaluated using Mf-ERG. The subjects were divided into four groups according to the refractive error: first group consisted of myopia 0.00-0.75 D (control group), second group 1.00-3.00 D, third group 3.25-6.00 D, fourth group 6.25-12.00 D. 1. order Kernel responses were evaluated using Mf-ERG. Results: While the Mf-ERG first positive (P1) and first negative (N1) amplitudes decreased towards the periphery except the central area, the latencies increased in all rings including the central area. The amplitude and latency of the N1 wave showed a weak medium correlation with the axial length/spheric equivalent (AL/SE), but no correlation was noted between the P1 wave amplitude and latency and AL/SE in any of the rings. Conclusion: The reason for the significant difference of Mf-ERG responses in high myopes is thought to result from the complex structure of the retina rather than the effects of AL and SE. The impairment of latencies and amplitudes in Mf-ERG responses implies that the inner and outer retinal layer functions are deteriorated in myopia

Course of sepsis in rats with thyroid dysfunction

WOS:000410004200009PubMed ID: 28944329Objective: Numerous studies show the relationship between sepsis and thyroid hormones. Virtually all these studies investigate changes in post-sepsis thyroid hormones and the relationship between these changes and the progression of the disease. Our aim in this study was to investigate the progression of sepsis in rats with thyroid dysfunction. Material and Methods: The study involved four groups, each containing seven female Wistar albino rats: Group 1: Sham, Group 2: Control (Sepsis), Group 3: Hyperthyroidism-Sepsis, and Group 4: Hypothyroidism-Sepsis. Group 1 only received laparotomy. Group 2 only had sepsis. Sepsis was induced in Group 3 and Group 4 following formation of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism, respectively. After 24 hours, relaparotomy and thoracotomy were performed, and tissue and blood samples were drawn. Results: Dysfunctions seen in the liver, lungs, and kidneys during sepsis and other findings of sepsis were milder in the hyperthyroidism group in comparison to both the control and hypothyroidism groups. Conclusion: The results of Simon’s grade, histopathological organ damage, and laboratory parameters revealed that the progression of sepsis was milder in the hyperthyroid group than in the hypothyroid and euthyroid groups. The progression in the hypothyroid group was the most severe. Therefore, the results of the study raise the question of whether immediate treatment in cases of hypothyroidism and slow return of thyroid function to normal levels in cases of hyperthyroidism are adequate treatment approaches in patients who may develop sepsis or septic shock.” To determine the answer to this question, more detailed studies are required with a higher number of subjects