The Direction of Causality between Health Spending and GDP: The Case of Pakistan

Relevant literature suggests that the most important determinant of health care spending is real GDP. Moreover, there is considerable evidence that health care spending rises at a faster rate than real GDP. This paper uses recently developed tests for the existence of a long run relationship to analyze the links between health care spending and GDP. We are, particularly, interested in estimating the elasticity parameter. The aim of the paper is to provide a new method of analysis to those used in recent papers on this subject. Typically in applied analysis, testing for the existence of cointegration and causality can only be carried out once the time series properties of the data have been established. For example, tests for cointegration require the variables to integrated of the same order, typically I(1), prior to estimation. By eliminating the need for unit root pre-testing, the tests applied here considerably simplify the inference procedure. They also reduce the potential for distortions in the inference due to the unknown properties of the testing sequence. Our findings include robust evidence that, for Pakistan, the income elasticity for health care spending is greater than one and that the elasticity value is stable over the estimation period.Health Spending; GDP; Causality

Trading Wireless Information and Power Transfer: Relay Selection to Minimize the Outage Probability

This paper studies the outage probability minimization problem for a multiple relay network with energy harvesting constraints. The relays are hybrid nodes used for simultaneous wireless information and power transfer from the source radio frequency (RF) signals. There is a trade-off associated with the amount of time a relay node is used for energy and information transfer. Large intervals of information transfer implies little time for energy harvesting from RF signals and thus, high probability of outage events. We propose relay selection schemes for a cooperative system with a fixed number of RF powered relays. We address both causal and non-causal channel state information cases at the relay--destination link and evaluate the trade-off associated with information/power transfer in the context of minimization of outage probability.Comment: IEEE GlobalSiP, 201

The Impact of Compensation and Training on Organizational Performance: The Mediating Role of Employee Performance During Covid

Purpose: This study aims to measure the impact of compensation and training on organization performance along with the mediating role of employee performance during Pandemic COVID-19. Methodology: This study was done by a simple survey-based questionnaire drafted through Google Forms, and throughout the entire research, a quantitative approach has been incorporated. whereas, for the data collection, two methods, namely primary and secondary, were used, among which the questionnaire filled out was a primary method. Furthermore, this quantitative research was conducted with a population of 231 people and a sample of 149 respondents with a non-convenience sampling method adopted to gather data from respondents. Findings: After statistical tests for hypothesis testing, the study found that two hypotheses H2–the considerable impact of training on organizational performance and H4 – the significant impact of salary on employee performance were accepted. Conclusion: The compensation provided to employees, either financial or non-financial, plays a key role in retaining employees’ confidence, reducing their turnover, and motivating them to work hard, which ultimately benefits the firm. Training, on the other hand, is a crucial step towards the development, betterment, and growth of the organization as a well-trained and up-to-date workforce guarantees a successful organization. Thus, it is concluded that employee training and compensation play an important role in the growth of employees and the organization

Production, purification and partial characterization of lipase from Trichoderma Viride

A new strain of lipolytic Trichoderma viride was isolated from the soil on a selective mediumthat contained olive oil as the only source of carbon and energy. The isolated strain was cultivated for lipase production in shake flasks at 30±1oC and the fermentation pattern was studied. The maximum extracellular lipase activity of 7.3 U/mL and the maximum intracellularactivity of 320 U/g mycelium were noted after 48 h. Although maximum fungal biomass was present at 13.6 g/L at 60 h but highest specific growth rate was observed between 6 and 18 h.The extracellular lipase present in the broth was purified 134-folds with an overall yield of 46% through purification procedure of ammonium sulphate precipitation, ion exchange and gelpermeation chromatography. The Km value of the purified enzyme for triolein hydrolysis was found to be 1.229 m.mole/L

PLAYERS’ PERCEPTION ABOUT COMMERCIALIZATION OF SPORTS IN ACADEMIC INSTITUTIONS OF PAKISTAN

Commercialization is the way toward presenting another item or creation strategy into trade making it accessible available. The term frequently implies particularly the passageway into the mass market instead of prior specialty markets, however it additionally incorporates a move from the research facility into even constrained trade. The main objectives of the study are to examine the effects of commercialization of sports in academic institutions. The study was quantitative in nature and sample (n=260) for this research was from eight private and public sector universities of Lahore. The data collection tool was questionnaire containing 20 items. Results and data analysis showed that there is no difference among the opinion of male and female (Sig. 0.362) and among different age groups (Sig. 0.791). Overall results showed that there is positive effect of commercialization of sports in academic institutions as commercialization of sports helps players to develop their financial, sympathetic and caring attitude, their financial support, their recognition in society as well as their social support. Commercialization of sports promotes modesty and quality of life in them. Commercialization’s of sports also help to develop their personality with behavior and ethical values and awareness regarding their role in the society. In future recommendations, there should be panel discussions about commercialization of sports should be organized in collaboration of both coaches and athletes, there should be qualified staff for the commercialization, coaching and training of players, sports organizations and government should take necessary steps for the promotion of commercialization of sports at grass root as well as at international level

Neglected firm effect and stylized equity returns: evidence from Pakistan

The neglected stock effect is the phenomenon where less researched stock earns more return than that predicted by the traditional CAPM. The aim of this study is to reveal the bonding between neglected stock premium and equity returns in the stock market of Pakistan by using Fama and French (1992 & 1993) methodology. This study is unique with respect to Pakistan that checks the relationship among neglected stock premium and equity returns on a sample of 200 stocks listed the largest stock market of Pakistan KSE. It is corroborated that neglected firm effect is present in market and priced by the market. This manifests that those stocks which are neglected, less researched and got less analyst coverage earn higher return in comparison to popular stocks that got more analyst coverage. The results also revealed that two factor model has greater explanatory power in comparison to Traditional CAPM. The results of this study are in line with the findings of Arbel and Strebel (1980) and Bertin, Michayluk and Prather (2008) for the USA equity market. Lower research analyst coverage increases the uncertainty for investor that how the company will perform in the future, which ultimately increase the risk factor and so the demand of return from the investors. The decision makers must consider this anomaly while making decisions regarding financing, investing etc. This study will facilitate the investors in taking effective investment decision and for efficient resource allocation

PLAYERS’ PERCEPTION ABOUT MODERNIZATION OF SPORTS EQUIPMENT AT UNIVERSITY LEVEL IN PAKISTAN

The main purpose behind conducting this research is to find out the players’ perception about modern sports equipment. With the help of literature review, the researchers came to know about the use of modern sports equipment and its importance. A quantitative research was conducted, and the research pattern adopted was survey research. The population of the study was players of different universities. Researcher collected data through questionnaire based on 20 close ended questions from 250 players as sample out of which 207 were usable in which 132 male and 75 female players were of age above 18 years via Simple random sampling technique. For the data analysis (SPSS) 22.0 Version was used. Individual Item Analysis (Chi-square Test) was used to view the responses against each item of questionnaire. Demographic factors of student players’ regarding age and gender were measured and calculated through ANOVA and T-Test respectively and found no significant difference among male and female (Sig. 0.759) as well as in different age groups (Sig. 0.356). Overall results showed that there are positive results of use of modern equipment on players’ performance. In concern with future recommendations, players should be allowed and facilitated as well as their familiarity with the use of modern sports equipment increased for better outcomes in their sports performance

Simultaneous improvement of corrosion and mechanical properties of AA 5083 aluminum alloy

In this study, the effects of cold-rolling and annealing on the structural, electrochemical, and mechanical properties of AA5083 in a simulated seawater environment are investigated. The results demonstrated that annealing temperature significantly affects the alloy's mechanical and corrosion properties. According to potentiodynamic results, the rate of corrosion decreased after annealing. Compared to the cold-rolled sample, the heat treatment doubles the electrochemical impedance, indicating that the corrosion resistance of AA5083 alloy is suitable at 50°C annealing. Approximately twice as much ductility was added to the materials as compared to the as-received materials. Additionally, the mechanical testing revealed the Portevin-Le Chatelier (PLC) Effect Type B band, which reflected the smaller grain size