Development of Threshold Levels and a Climate-Sensitivity Model of the Hydrological Regime of the High-Altitude Catchment of the Western Himalayas, Pakistan

Water shortages in Pakistan are among the most severe in the world, and its water resources are decreasing significantly due to the prevailing hydro-meteorological conditions. We assessed variations in meteorological and hydrological variables using innovative trend analysis (ITA) and traditional trend analysis methods at a practical significance level, which is also of practical interest. We developed threshold levels of hydrological variables and developed a non-parametric climate-sensitivity model of the high-altitude catchment of the western Himalayas. The runoff of Zone I decreased, while the temperature increased and the precipitation increased significantly. In Zone II, the runoff and temperature increased but the precipitation decreased. A two-dimensional visualization of the Pardé coefficient showed extreme drought events, and indicated greater sensitivity of the hydrological regime to temperature than to precipitation. The threshold levels of runoff for Zones I and II were 320 and 363 mm using the Q80 fixed method, while the mean runoff amounts were estimated to be 79.95 and 55.61 mm, respectively. The transient threshold levels varied by month, and the duration of droughts in Zones I and II ranged from 26.39 to 78.98 days. The sensitivity of the hydrological regime was estimated based on a modified climate-elasticity model (εp = 0.11–0.23, εt = −0.04–2.39) for Zones I and II, respectively. These results highlight the sensitivity of the hydrological regime to temperature, which influences the melting process. However, it is important to establish thresholds for hydrological variables and understand the climate sensitivity of the hydrological regime of the entire basin, so that policy makers and water managers can make sustainable water-resource-management decisions for this region

The Effect of Role Overload on Employee Anxiety and Organization Citizenship Behavior

This study aims to find out the effect of role overload on employee anxiety and organization citizenship behavior. For this aim, formulated hypothesis have been tested using data collected samples of 120 employees of UBL Pakistan, through data entry in the computer and processed statistically using statistical software (SPSS). Finding after the regression analysis was run, showing 74.1 % variations in the employee anxiety due to role overload and about 71% variation in organization citizenship behavior by the role overload. There is a strong positive relationship in employee anxiety & role overload, and strong negative relationship between organization citizenship behavior (OCB) and role overload as the literature shows. More extensive research needs to be carried out to explore new knowledge in this area

Homogeneous Test-bed for Cognitive Radio

In the current frequency allocation scheme, the radio spectrum is found to be heavily underutilized in time, frequency and space dimensions or any of their combination. To improve spectrum utilization, the unused contiguous or non-contiguous portion of the radio spectrum (spectrum hole) can be accessed opportunistically using cognitive radio technology provided it is interference free to the local users of the network. To reliably detect the spectrum holes, which is necessary to limit the interference, cognitive radio is required to have high time and frequency resolutions to detect radio technologies (e.g. GSM 900, 2.4 GHz WLAN) at the packet level in the transmitted channel to avoid misinterpretation of occupancy states in time and frequency. In addition, having high sensitivity and instantaneous dynamic range can enable cognitive radio to detect weak received signals and their detection in the presence of strong received signals. Besides these requirements, a large sensing bandwidth can increase the chances to find spectrum holes in multiple radio technologies concurrently. A chirp channel sounder receiver has been developed according to the aforementioned requirements with a bandwidth of 750 MHz to provide reliable detection of received signals in two frequency ranges; 1) 250 MHz to 1 GHz, 2) 2.2 GHz to 2.95 GHz. The developed receiver is capable of finding spectrum holes having a duration of 204.8 μs and a transmitted channel bandwidth up to 200 kHz. To explore the spectrum holes in the space dimensions, six chirp channel sounder receivers have been developed to form a homogeneous test-bed, which can be deployed and controlled independently. To experimentally validate the ability of the built receiver, short term spectrum occupancy measurements have been conducted to monitor 2.4 GHz WLAN traffic from a real wireless network to quantify the spectrum utilization and duration of spectrum holes in the time domain. It has been found that the radio spectrum is underutilized and empirical distribution of the duration of the spectrum hole can be modelled using lognormal and gamma distributions for prediction using a two state continuous time semi-Markov model. To experimentally validate the receiver’s capabilities in both the supported frequency ranges, long term spectrum occupancy measurements with 750 MHz sensing bandwidth have been performed and received signals have been detected at frame or packet level to quantify spectrum utilization. It has been found that the radio spectrum is highly underutilized at the measurement location and exhibits significant amount of spectrum holes in both time and frequency. To experimentally validate the functionalities of the homogeneous test-bed, short term spectrum occupancy have been performed to monitor 2.4 GHz WLAN traffic from a real wireless network. The experiment has been conducted using multiple receivers to quantify the amount of cooperation individual or multiple cognitive radio users can provide for reliable detection of spectrum holes in time, frequency and space. It has been found that the space dimension influences strongly the statistics of cooperation parameters

Urgensi Kematangan Spiritual Terhadap Kesehatan Otak

The study of spirituality seems never to stop giving humans an understanding of the concept of self and divinity. Discussions about spirituality entered a crucial period marked by the success of science and technology in revealing non-rational secrets that were difficult to solve in the past. This paper aims to discover the importance of spiritual maturity on brain health. This research approach is qualitative with the technical method is literature study. This study indicates that researchers still have not recognized the importance of spiritual maturity essential for brain health. However, the interest of scientists on this issue is increasing and getting various responses from various groups

Contractors’ Approaches to Risk Management at the Construction Phase in Malaysia

Abstract - Often times, contractors failed to identify, plan, strategize, analyzed, execute, monitor, control and manage the risk involves during construction phase in Malaysia. Consequently, the contractor failed to complete the project on schedule, within client’s budget and quality. The idea of introducing formal risk management among Malaysian contractors during construction phase is seem to be a proactive approach to achieve the project objectives. This paper intends to identify the application of formal risk management among the contractors during the construction phase in Malaysia. Questionnaires and interviews were used. It was found that although the risk management process in Malaysian construction industry has been introduced, most of them are not well structured and not being implemented in a formal manner. Therefore, it is suggested that these contractors should try to implement formal risk management and hope that the construction industry in Malaysia can enjoy the benefits and lead our industry effectively into the next stage of building the nation.Keywords : Risk Management, Contractors, Construction Phase, Malaysia

Controlling Sand Production Problem in Open-Hole Completion; a Case Study

Sand Control is an activity that is very vital to when the well is in completion phase of an oil and gas field. This case study is going to quantify sand production risk and determine on how and when to implement control or prevention technique to optimize production and maximize return on investment by preventing or delaying sand production throughout the life of a well or field. This paper summarize the finding of information regarding factors, reasons, causes and methods related to sand production problems in open-hole completions will be explained in details later in the report. This case study may apply to the well or field with sanding problems, fields undergoing depletion and wells in unconsolidated formations. The achievement for this case study is to develop the Knowledge Based Systems (KBS) application to provide the most suitable sand control methods based on current technologies in Oil and Gas industries

Public Policy Implementation and Application of Cultural Values in Bugis Village Government

Empirically there is no village in the Indonesian government does not claim that the implementation of public policies ever implemented democratically. Of the facts in question, and then gave birth to a fundamental question, whether all Indonesian village government, of course, which has been qualified, can be summed up as a democratic government. To answer it is determined by the local government culture, local culture is one of the cultural values ??such as honesty Bugis, scholarship, fairness, firmness, and effort. This type of research is descriptive qualitative data collection techniques through documents, questionnaires, and informants. The data were then analyzed using qualitative descriptive analysis. The results showed that the implementation of public policies and the application of cultural values Bugis been implemented optimally. This is due to factors of human resources, communications, and disposition. Less bureaucratic structures provide significant factor. Keywords: Public Policy Implementation, Bugis cultural value

Standard errors estimation in the presence of high leverage point and heteroscedastic errors in multiple linear regression

In this study, the Robust Heteroscedastic Consistent Covariance Matrix (RHCCM) was proposed in order to estimate standard errors of regression coefficients in the presence of high leverage points and heteroscedastic errors in multiple linear regression. Robust Heteroscedastic Consistent Covariance Matrix (RHCCM) is the combination of a robust method and Heteroscedasticit Consistent Covariance Matrix (HCCM). The robust method is used to eliminate the effect of high leverage points while HCCM is mainly used to eliminate the effect of heteroscedastic errors. The performance of RHCCM was assessed through an empirical study and compared with results obtained when the original Heteroscedastic Consistent Covariance Matrix was used