Phytoconstituents and antioxidant properties among commercial tea ( Camellia sinensis L.) clones of Iran

Background: Tea ( Camellia sinensis ), a well-known beverage is consumed frequently worldwide due to its high antioxidant properties. The present study determines the amount of phytochemicals and antioxidant activities among 12 high yielding tea clones cultivated in Iran. Results: Among the 12 clones studied, tea clone Iran 100 had the highest total phenolic content and total flavonoid content with values of 8.44 \ub1 1.03 mg gallic acid equivalents per gram dry weight and 4.50 \ub1 0.16 mg rutin equivalents per gram dry weight respectively. High performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis of phenolics and flavonoids in 12 clones revealed the presence of (+)-catechin, ( 12)-epicatechin, ( 12)-epigallocatechin, ( 12)-epigallocatechin-gallate, ( 12)-epicatechingallate, gallic acid and caffeine. The 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay showed the existence of variation in the antioxidant activity ranging from 22.67 to 65.36%. The highest antioxidant activity with IC50 value of 218.24 \u3bcg/mL was observed in the leaf extract of the clone Iran 100, while the lowest was found in the clone Iran 482 with IC50 value of 234.44 \u3bcg/mL. The antioxidant activity had a positive correlation with total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, ( 12)-epigallocatechin-gallate, ( 12)-epicatechingallate and caffeine (0.59 64 r 64 0.97, P b 0.05). Conclusion: From the study it can be concluded that the clone Iran 100 has a superior quality compared to any other clones studied due to occurrence of more phenolic compounds and a greater antioxidant activity. Hence, we recommend the use of tea clone Iran 100 for commercial planting

Comprehensive chemical profiling for plant chemotaxonomy and quality control of herbal medicines – An MS-based metabolomics and molecular network perspective

Insightful knowledge of plant secondary metabolites remains valuable in plant classifications, particularly for the establishment of the evolutionary relationship between species and authentication of medicinal plants. This PhD project aims to improve chemotaxonomy methods for complementing taxonomy classifications and quality control of herbal medicines. This work relies on high-resolution mass spectrometry metabolomics applied to the herbarium specimens of Gentianaceae family and field collections of Ficus deltoidea varieties. For this, rapid fingerprints of plant extracts and a molecular-network based annotation strategy for deep metabolome profiling were developed. This thesis illustrates the value of chemotaxonomy in the differentiation of closely related plant species and opens the possibility of using a small portion of herbarium collections for drug discovery. Finally, the in-depth chemical knowledge for F. deltoidea obtained in this thesis is now available as a foundation for future research in rationalizing its traditional therapeutic use

Antioxidant Activity of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Kemunting) Fruits and Its Effect on Lipid Profile in Induced-cholesterol New Zealand White Rabbits

The objective of this study was to determine the antioxidant activity of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa fruit extract and its effect on triacylglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein (LDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL) and lipid peroxidation in induced-cholesterol New Zealand White Rabbits. In DPPH assay, at concentration of 200 ug/mL methanol extract give 62.13% inhibition of DPPH free radicals with IC50 of 107 μg/mL. Similarly, in FRAP assay the methanol extract at concentration of 500 ug/mL showed the highest absorbance (0.16) for antioxidant activity. Whereas, in metal chelating assay the methanol extract at concentration of 100 mg/mL exhibited 36% inhibition of metal chelating ions. The antioxidant activities were due to the presence of phenolics compounds of quinic acid, gallic acid and caffeic acid, which were identified with Q-TQF MS. Total phenolic and total flavonoid content was the highest in water extract at 66.515 mg of GAE/g and 1.828 mg of QE/g, respectively. The water extract of R. tomentosa was non-toxic at LC50 = 616.083 μg/mL. The white New Zealand rabbits group A was fed by oral gavages with normal diet; Group B cholesterol 1% diet; group C cholesterol 1% diet with fruit extract 50 mg/kg and Group D cholesterol 1% diet with simvastatin standard drug 5 mg/kg. The rabbits in group C has a significantly reduced (p<0.05) total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and significantly increased (p<0.05) high density lipoprotein (HDL) and triacylglycerides (TG) as compared with group B. The lipid peroxidation was reduced significantly (p<0.05) as indicated by the low TBARs-MDA level in group C. Thus, these results showed that the R. tomentosa fruit extracts was able to reduce cholesterol level and increased HDL level which can prevent the formation of atherosclerosis in New Zealand white rabbits

Phytoconstituents and antioxidant properties among commercial tea (Camellia sinensis L.) clones of Iran

Background: Tea (Camellia sinensis), a well-known beverage is consumed frequently worldwide due to its high antioxidant properties. The present study determines the amount of phytochemicals and antioxidant activities among 12 high yielding tea clones cultivated in Iran. Results: Among the 12 clones studied, tea clone Iran 100 had the highest total phenolic content and total flavonoid content with values of 8.44 ± 1.03 mg gallic acid equivalents per gram dry weight and 4.50 ± 0.16 mg rutin equivalents per gram dry weight respectively. High performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis of phenolics and flavonoids in 12 clones revealed the presence of (+)-catechin, (−)-epicatechin, (−)-epigallocatechin, (−)-epigallocatechin-gallate, (−)-epicatechingallate, gallic acid and caffeine. The 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay showed the existence of variation in the antioxidant activity ranging from 22.67 to 65.36%. The highest antioxidant activity with IC50 value of 218.24 μg/mL was observed in the leaf extract of the clone Iran 100, while the lowest was found in the clone Iran 482 with IC50 value of 234.44 μg/mL. The antioxidant activity had a positive correlation with total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, (−)-epigallocatechin-gallate, (−)-epicatechingallate and caffeine (0.59 ≤ r ≤ 0.97, P < 0.05). Conclusion: From the study it can be concluded that the clone Iran 100 has a superior quality compared to any other clones studied due to occurrence of more phenolic compounds and a greater antioxidant activity. Hence, we recommend the use of tea clone Iran 100 for commercial planting

Utility of dry load injection for an efficient natural products isolation at the semi-preparative chromatographic scale

tSemi-preparative HPLC is one of the main techniques used for the purification of natural products (NPs).Generally, the sample has to be solubilized in organic solvent and injected on column through a loop valve.Since the solubility of crude natural extracts is often limited, a high solvent volume is needed for injection.This significantly compromises the resolution and increases the risk of overpressure in the system. Toovercome this problem, a dry load injection procedure was developed to ensure optimum resolution evenat high sample loading. The approach was first validated with a representative mixture of NPs standards,and successfully applied to two representative crude plant extracts: the dichloromethane extract ofAnnacardium occidentale and the methanolic extract of Hypericum perforatum. In all cases, the dry loadinginjection setup enabled an efficient introduction of the samples in the semi-preparative HPLC system.Different overload conditions of the columns were tested and the results demonstrated the robustness ofthe method and the possibility of applying it with a limited loss of resolution compared to liquid injectionand without increasing pressure. The chromatographic resolutions were close to those obtained at theanalytical level and separation were of much better quality when compared to liquid injection. Thisapproach is especially relevant when purifying compounds isolated with high resolution from extractsthat are poorly soluble in low volume of injection solvent due to the presence of lipophilic compoundsand are thus not compatible for loop injection in typical reversed phase conditions. In addition, thedry load setup was also found to be useful when relatively polar components have to be separated inreversed phase conditions. In this case, loop injection with methanol generates strong peak distortionand broadening, while the dry load injection affords symmetrical peaks

Safety Evaluation of Oral Toxicity of Carica papaya

The subchronic toxicity effect of the leaf extract of Carica papaya Linn. in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats was investigated in this study. The extract was prepared by dissolving the freeze dried extract of the leaves in distilled water and was administered orally to SD rats (consisted of 10 rats/sex/group) at 0 (control), 0.01, 0.14, and 2 g/kg body weight (BW) for 13 weeks. General observation, mortality, and food and water intake were monitored throughout the experimental period. Hematological and biochemical parameters, relative organ weights, and histopathological changes were evaluated. The study showed that leaf extract when administered for 13 weeks did not cause any mortality and abnormalities of behavior or changes in body weight as well as food and water intake. There were no significant differences observed in hematology parameters between treatment and control groups; however significant differences were seen in biochemistry values, for example, LDH, creatinine, total protein, and albumin. However, these changes were not associated with histopathological changes. In conclusion, the results suggested that daily oral administration of rats with C. papaya leaf extract for 13 weeks at a dose up to fourteen times the levels employed in traditional medicine practice did not cause any significant toxic effect

Repeated Dose 28-Days Oral Toxicity Study of Carica papaya L. Leaf Extract in Sprague Dawley Rats

molecule

Identification of Flavonoids from Aerial Part of Eleusine indica Aqueous Extract through Tandem Mass Spectrometry Molecular Networking and Diagnostic Evidence Data Analyses

Eleusine indica (Poaceae) is a perennial grass locally known as ‘rumput sambau’. The aerial part of the plant has been used traditionally by the local people of Kadazandusun to treat ailments related to inflammation and immune-associated disorders. Previous biological activities particularly antioxidant, cytotoxic, and anti-inflammatory may suggest that the chemical components of E. indica, principally the flavonoids could modulate the immune response. However, study on the flavonoid’s constituent in the aerial part of the plant is limited. Thus, this study aimed to identify the flavonoids component in the aqueous extract of E. indica aerial part through liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry-based molecular networking technique applying MZmine, Global Natural Product Social Molecular Networking (GNPS), and SIRIUS platforms. In addition, diagnostic evidence analysis was performed based on fragmentation role, local experience and literature data to increase the confidence level in the structural identification of the flavonoids. Five flavonoids belonging to the C-glycosyl group were putatively identified as vitexin (1), schaftoside (2), isoschaftoside (3), vicenin 2 (4), and vicenin X (5). Some of these flavonoids have been reported to exhibit immune-related biological activities which could provide scientific support to justify the plant’s traditional use. This is the first report on the existence of vicenin 2 and vicenin X in the plant

Data on LC–MS profile of Brucea javanica (L.) Merr. and the NMR data of its major indole alkaloids

This article presents two types of phytochemical data obtained from Brucea javanica (L.) Merr. roots, a medicinal plant belonging to the Simaroubaceae family. The high-resolution LC–MS dataset comprised the chemical profile of dichloromethane extract, which was utilised to annotate 35 chemical constituents. For annotations, the measured spectral data were compared with the in-silico spectral data generated from 920 molecular structures previously reported in Simaroubaceae. Indole alkaloids, quassinoids, aliphatics and lignan were the chemical groups identified in the root extract. The second dataset provides NMR spectra (1H, 13C, COSY, HMQC and HMBC) for the six indole alkaloids previously detected in LC–MS analysis and isolated through centrifugal partition chromatography. The chemical structures of all compounds were confirmed based on NMR data as bruceolline J (compound 7), canthin-6-one-N-oxide (compound 10), bruceolline E (compound 15), 5-methoxycanthin-6-one (compound 16), canthin-6-one (compound 20), and 1‑hydroxy-11-methoxycanthin-6-one (compound 22). This phytochemical data was generated to support an ongoing anti-cancer and anti-dengue study

<i>Annona muricata</i>: Comprehensive Review on the Ethnomedicinal, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacological Aspects Focusing on Antidiabetic Properties

Plants have played an important role over the centuries in providing products that have been used to help combat ailments and diseases. Many products originating from fresh, dried-plant materials, or extracts are utilized as community remedies in traditional practices or even in modern medicine. The Annonaceae family contains different types of bioactive chemical properties, such as alkaloids, acetogenins, flavonoids, terpenes, and essential oil, meaning the plants in this family are potential therapeutic agents. Belonging to the Annonaceae family, Annona muricata Linn. has recently attracted the attention of scientists for its medicinal value. It has been utilized as a medicinal remedy since ancient times to treat and improve various diseases, for example, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, cancer, and bacterial infections. This review, therefore, highlights the important characteristic and therapeutic effect of A. muricata along with future perspectives on its hypoglycemic effect. The most-common name is soursop, referring to its sour and sweet flavors, while in Malaysia, this tree is commonly called ‘durian belanda’. Furthermore, A. muricata contains a high content of phenolic compounds in the roots and leaves. In vitro and in vivo studies have shown that A. muricata has the pharmacological effects of anti-cancer, anti-microbial, antioxidant, anti-ulcer, anti-diabetic, anti-hypertensive, and wound healing. With regard to its anti-diabetic effect, mechanisms of inhibiting glucose absorption via α-glucosidase and α-amylase activity inhibition, increasing glucose tolerance and glucose uptake by peripheral tissues, and stimulating insulin release or acting like insulin were deeply discussed. There is still a significant research gap, and future studies are required to conduct detailed investigations and gain a better molecular understanding of A. muricata’s anti-diabetic potential, especially by using the metabolomics approach