ОРОСЫН НИЙГМИЙН ТОГТВОРТОЙ БАЙДАЛД ХИЙСЭН ДҮН ШИНЖИЛГЭЭ БА 2011 ОНЫ ТӨРИЙН ДУМЫН СОНГУУЛЬ

ОХУ-ын Төрийн Думын зургаа дахь удаагийн сонгууль 2011 оны 12-р сарын 4-ний ням гаригт болж  өнгөрлөө. Орос улс өнгөрсөн 4 жилийн хугацаанд сонгуулийн хуулиндаа нэлээд олон өөрчлөлт оруулжээ. Өмнө нь 4 жилийн хугацаатай Төрийн Думаа сонгодог байсан бол энэ удаа 5 жилийн хугацаатай сонгож, сонгуульд бүртгэлтэй улс төрийн бүх намууд оролцсоноороо онцлог болсон байна. 2007 оноос эхлэн Төрийн Думын гишүүдийг пропорциональ тогтолцоогоор  буюу намын нэрсийн жагсаалтаар сонгож байгаа бөгөөд намууд Төрийн Думд  суудал авахын тулд 7 хувийн босго давсан байх ёстой  аж. 2011 оны 10-р сард сонгуулийн хуулинд оруулсан нэмэлт өөрчлөлтөөр энэ босгыг 5 болгож бууруулсан нь Медведевын тайлбарласнаар, “жижиг намуудад” парламентад төлөөлөлтэй байх боломж олгож, улс төрийн өрсөлдөөнийг илүү хүчтэй шударга болгох ач холбогдолтой алхам юм.Title: Stability analyze of Russian society and Parliament election of 2011 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/jis.v0i1.383

Master of Science

thesisCaddisfly larvae construct underwater protective cases using surrounding materials, providing information on environmental conditions in both modern and ancient systems. Microbial bioherms associated with caddisfly cases are found in the Berriassian-Hauterivian (~140-130 Ma) Shinekhudag Formation of Mongolia and provide new insights into aspects of lacustrine paleoecosystems and paleoenvironments. This formation contains the earliest record of plant-armored caddisfly cases and a rare occurrence of microbial-caddisfly association from the Mesozoic. The bioherms are investigated within the context of stratigraphic correlations, depositional environment interpretations, and basin-evolution models of the sedimentary fill. The bioherms form 0.5-2.0 m diameter mound-shaped bodies and are concentrated within a single, oil shale-bound stratigraphic interval. Each bioherm is composed of up to 40% caddisfly cases along with millimeter-scale, laminated stromatolites. Petrographic analyses reveal these bioherms are composed of non-systematic associations of columnar and oncoidal microbialites, constructed around colonies of caddisfly cases. The cases are straight to curved, slightly tapered, tube-shaped, with a progressively increasing length and width trend (7-21 mm by 1.5-2.5 mm). Despite these variations, the case architectures reveal similar construction materials; the armor is dominated by plant fragments, ostracod valves, carbonate rock fragments, and rare mica and feldspar grains. The bioherms contain various allochems including ooids, ostracods, plant fragments, rare gastropods, feldspar grains bound in micritic matrices, and carbonate dominated cements. The combination of microbial-caddisfly association, plant fragment case armors, and ooids/oncoids indicates a shallow, littoral lake setting. Stratigraphic juxtaposition of nearshore bioherms and the bounding distal oil-shale facies suggests that the bioherms developed in an underfilled lake basin, resulting from rapid lake desiccation. Lake chemistry is believed to have been relatively alkaline, saline to hypersaline, and rich in Ca, Mg, and HCO3 ions. Through analyzing bioherm characteristics, caddisfly case architecture, carbonate microfacies, and stratigraphic variability, we infer larger-scale processes that controlled basin development during their formation

SOGO SHOSHA DALAM PERKEMBANGAN PEREKONOMIAN JEPANG PASCA PERANG DUNIA II(1952-1974)

Skripsi ini berjudul “Sogo Shosha dalam Perkembangan Perekonomian Jepang pasca Perang Dunia II (1952-1974)”. Latar belakang penulis mengambil permasalahan ini adalah karena penulis melihat suatu kondisi dimana terjadi perkembangan yang sangat pesat pada perekonomian Negara Jepang pasca Perang Dunia II, padahal Jepang baru saja mengalami kekalahan di perang tersebut. Setelah membaca berbagai literatur mengenai perkembangan perekonomian Jepang, penulis menemukan bahwa faktor utama pemicu percepatan perekonomian Jepang adalah kehadiran perusahaan-perusahaan dagang atau Sogo Shosha. Sehingga masalah utama yang diangkat dalam skripsi ini adalah “Bagaimana Peranan Sogo Shosha dalam Perkembangan Perekonomian Jepang Pasca Perang Dunia II (1952-1974)?”. Masalah utama tersebut kemudian dibagi menjadi empat pertanyaan penelitian, yaitu (1) Bagaimana keadaan perekonomian Jepang pada masa sebelum Perang Dunia II? (2) Bagaimana sejarah kemunculan sogo shosha dalam perekonomian Jepang sebelum Perang Dunia II? (3) Bagaimana kiprah sogo shosha dalam perekonomian Jepang pasca Perang Dunia II? (4) Bagaimana dampak sogo shosha bagi Negara Jepang pasca Perang Dunia II?. Metode yang penulis gunakan adalah metode historis dengan melakukan empat langkah penelitian, yaitu heuristik, kritik, interpretasi, dan historiografi. Sedangkan teknik yang digunakan dalam pengumpulan data digunakan studi literatur, yaitu mengkaji sumber-sumber literatur yang berkaitan dengan permasalahan yang sedang dikaji. Pendekatan yang digunakan dalam penulisan skripsi ini menggunakan pendekatan interdisipliner dari disiplin ilmu-ilmu sosial utamanya adalah ilmu ekonomi, karena penulis menggunakan Teori Perdagangan Internasional, konsep Anti-Dumping dan Monopoli. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, didapat beberapa kesimpulan. Pertama, pembangunan perekonomian Jepang yang sangat maju pasca Perang Dunia II tidak terjadi begitu saja secara instan, karena perekonomian modern Jepang mulai membangun fondasinya ketika lahirnya sebuah perubahan politik penting yang kemudian dikenal sebagai Restorasi Meiji di tahun 1868. Kedua, perekonomian modern Jepang yang mulai membentuk fondasi di masa Restorasi Meiji juga sekaligus menjadi periode lahirnya perusahaan-perusahaan dagang atau sogo shosha. Ketiga, kemajuan perekonomian Jepang pasca Perang Dunia II tidak dapat dilepaskan dari peranan sogo shosha. Keempat, keaktifan sogo shosha dalam perdagangan internasional membawa dampak positif dan dampak negatif pada perekonomian Negara Jepang pasca Perang Dunia II. Secara garis besar, sogo shosha sangat berperan dalam meningkatkan perekonomian Negara Jepang. Dampaknya terlihat dari hasil positif perekonomian mereka dalam periode pasca Perang Dunia II. Kesemuanya dikarenakan oleh peranan sogo shosha dalam perdagangan internasional yang mereka jalani. Sebagai rekomendasi, penelitian mengenai sogo shosha yang dikaitkan dengan kebijakan pemerintah pendudukan Amerika Serikat di Jepang belum banyak dibahas oleh penulis dalam penelitian ini, sehingga dapat dijadikan penelitian selanjutnya. This paper is entitled “Sogo Shosha in Japan Economic Development after The Second World War (1952-1974)”. The writer chose this problem after studying that there was a condition where a great economic development happened in Japan after the second world war – in which Japan was lost. After reading various literature about the development of Japan economic sector, the writer found that the main factor that fastened Japan econmic development was the presence of trading companies or Sogo Shosha. Therefore, the main problem rised in this paper was on “How was the role of Sogo Shosha in Japan economic development after the second world war (1952-1974)?” That main problem was divided into four research questions, those were (1) How was the condition of Japan economic sector before the second world war? (2) How was the history of the appearence of Sogo Shosha in Japan economic sector before the second world war? (3) How was the pace of Sogo Shosha in Japan economic sector after the second world war? And (4) How was the effect of Sogo Shosha for Japan after the second world war? The method used in this paper was historical method by doing four steps of research, such as heuristic, critic, interpretation, and histography. While the technique used in collecting the data was literature study which was examining the literure sources which were in line with the problem studied. The approach used in writing this paper was interdiscipline approach from social sciences especially economics, since the writer used the international trade theory, also the Anti-Dumping and monopoly concept. Based on the result, several conclusion were taken. First, the great development of economic sector in Japan did not happen instantly, for Japan modern economic started to build its foundation when an important politic revolution happened which was called Meiji Restoration in 1868. Second, the moment Japan modern economic started to form its foundation was the moment Sogo Shosha appeared in Japan. Third, the development of Japan economic sector after the second world war could not be separated from the role of Sogo Shosha. Fourth, the activeness of Sogo Shosha in international trade brought possitive and negative effects in Japan economic sector after the second world war. Over all, Sogo Shosha had a great impact in increasing Japan Economic sector. The effects could be seen in the possitive result in their economic sector after the second world war. All of them happened due to the role of Sogo Shosha in international trade they went through. As the recomendation, the research about Sogo Shosha which was connected with the regulation of the United States occupation government in Japan has not been elaborated a lot in this research, so that it can be elaborated more in the next stud

New Type of Generalized Closed Sets

In this paper, we introduce and study a new type of sets , namely strongly -closed (briefly,- closed) set. This class is strictly between the class of closed sets and the class of gsg- closed sets. It is shown that the class of - open sets forms a topology finer than . Relationships with certain types of closed sets are discussed and basic properties and characterizations are investigated. Further, new characterizations of normal spaces are provided and several preservation theorems of normality are improved. Key words and phrases: - closed sets, - open sets, normal spaces

Ideological and Temporal Components of Network Polarization in Online Political Participatory Media

Political polarization is traditionally analyzed through the ideological stances of groups and parties, but it also has a behavioral component that manifests in the interactions between individuals. We present an empirical analysis of the digital traces of politicians in politnetz.ch, a Swiss online platform focused on political activity, in which politicians interact by creating support links, comments, and likes. We analyze network polarization as the level of intra- party cohesion with respect to inter-party connectivity, finding that supports show a very strongly polarized structure with respect to party alignment. The analysis of this multiplex network shows that each layer of interaction contains relevant information, where comment groups follow topics related to Swiss politics. Our analysis reveals that polarization in the layer of likes evolves in time, increasing close to the federal elections of 2011. Furthermore, we analyze the internal social network of each party through metrics related to hierarchical structures, information efficiency, and social resilience. Our results suggest that the online social structure of a party is related to its ideology, and reveal that the degree of connectivity across two parties increases when they are close in the ideological space of a multi-party system.Comment: 35 pages, 11 figures, Internet, Policy & Politics Conference, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, 25-26 September 201

ANALISA DAMPAK SUMUR BOR DALAM TERHADAP MUKA AIR TANAH DAN EKONOMI SOSIAL MASYARAKAT

Kota Dumai merupakan salah satu kota yang memanfaatkan sumur bor dalam. Kebutuhan utama masyarakat terhadap air yang semakin meningkat mendorong pemerintah memanfaatkan sumur bor untuk ketersediaan air bersih. Air tanah tidak mempunyai potensi merusak namun daya rusak air tanah dapat muncul apabila kondisi dan lingkungan air tanah terganggu. Kerusakan yg terjadi pada air tanah tidak terlihat secara langsung dan apabila dieksploitasi tidak terkendali mengakibatkan dampak negatif sehingga rehabilitasi sangat sulit dilakukan. Berbagai konservasi sumber daya air tanah dilakukan agar bisa memberikan manfaat sosial ekonomi serta berguna bagi kehidupan di masa yang akan datang. Metode yang digunakan untuk mengetahui besarnya penurunan muka air tanah dengan menganalisis kedalaman muka air tanah semula dengan kedalaman muka air tanah sesudahnya serta menganalisis kapasitas debit air yang dimanfaatkan masyarakat. Metode yang digunakan untuk mengetahui dampak sosial ekonomi ditinjau dari dua aspek yaitu aspek finansial (kemampuan dan kemauan masyarakat dalam pembiayaan penyediaan air bersih) dan aspek teknis (tingkat kepuasan masyarakat). Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, penurunan muka air tanah sumur bor dalam sebesar 2,75 meter dalam kurun waktu 1 tahun. Dampak ekonomi yang ditimbulkan yaitu adanya penghematan biaya air bersih semenjak masyarakat menggunakan sumur bor dalam yaitu sebesar 57,81%. Serta dampak sosial yang ditimbulkan yaitu hubungan antar masyarakat yang semakin erat dan toleransi masyarakat menjadi semakin baik

Real Rigidities and Optimal Stabilization at the Zero Lower Bound in New Keynesian Economies

The paper revisits the literature on real rigidities in New Keynesian models in the context of an economy at the zero lower bound. It identifies strategic interaction among price- and wage-setting agents in the economy as an important determinant of both optimal policy and economic dynamics in deep recessions. In particular, labor market segmentation is shown to have a significant influence on the length of the forward commitment to keep interest rates at zero, the magnitude of the fiscal policy responses as well as inflation volatility in the economy under optimal policy

Does corruption matter for sources of foreign direct investment?

The paper provides a cross-country empirical analysis of the impact of corruption on foreign direct investment flows. The gravity model augmented with joint effects of corruption in the origin and destination countries determines differentiated patterns of investment flows between countries with various level of control of corruption. The estimates point towards greater investment flows between countries with good control of corruption. Moreover, if control of corruption in the destination country improves, investment flows from cleaner countries rise more than they do from countries with a higher incidence of corruption. The resulting changes in composition of investment volumes towards more investment from cleaner countries may further reinforce the strengthening of economic and political institutions that keep corruption in check