Point of Zero Charge Determination and the Inluence of P, Basic Slag, Organic Matter and Lime Applications on Colloidal Charge and Quality of Oxisols

The colloidal charge manipulation of highly weathered soils using point of zero charge (PZC or pHo) approach is important in improving soil chemical properties. The objective of this study was to determine the PZC and manipulate colloidal charge surfaces of Oxisols in order to increase their quality. PZC was determined by adjusting pH values from 3 to 7 using potentiometric titration. The change of colloidal surface charges was measured using two extractants; NH4-acetat pH 7 and NH4Cl. A glass house experiment was carried out using 4.5 kg soil/pot. Soil was taken from Sonay, South East Sulawesi and from Sitiung, West Sumatra. Soil was taken from surface layer (0-20 cm) and subsurface layer (20-40 cm) for each location. Four factors consisted of P fertilizer, basic slag, organic matter and lime were used to manipulate colloidal surface charge. The treatment rates were 100, 200 and 400 ppm P for P fertilizer; 2, 4 and 8 t/ha for basic slag; 10, 20 and 40 t/ha for organic matter; 1.5, 3 and 6 t/ha for lime, and a complete control. All 13 treatments with three replications, were arranged using a randomized complete block design in which each layer of two Oxisols is used as a block. The results showed that values of PZC for a surface layer of Sonay Oxisol (OSY) and for surface and subsurface layers of Sitiung Oxisol (OSG) are similar, i.e, pHo was 3.5. In addition, the PZC value for the subsurface layer of OSY occurs at pH 5 which is the highest pHo value compared to three other layers. The PZC value of OSY, at a surface layer is higher than its soil pH value (5.0 vs 4.4) suggesting that colloidal surfaces bear a positive charge. In contrast, the PZC values for the surface layer of OSY and surface and subsurface layers of OSG were lower than their soil pH values, indicating the colloidal surfaces bear a negative charge. Application of P, basic slag, organic matter, and lime was able to manipulate colloidal charge surfaces having positive charges become negative and that the low negative charge of colloidal surfaces become more negative as evidenced from the increase cation exchange capacity (measured in NH4Cl) compared to a control treatment. Application of P, basic slag,organic matter, and lime could increased quality of Oxisols as shown by decreasing K leaching and by increased soybean yields, which drastically increased compared to a control treatment

Tingkat Prevalensi Escherichia Coli Dalam Daging Ayam Beku yang Dilalulintaskan Melalui Pelabuhan Penyeberangan Merak

The aimed of this study was to determine prevalence of Escherichia coli in frozen chicken meat transported through Merak port. The samples were taken from DKI Jakarta (16 samples), Bekasi (11 samples), Bogor (8 samples), and Serang (18 samples). The average number of E. coli in frozen chicken meat from DKI Jakarta was 0.43x101±0.28x101 MPN/g, Bekasi was 10.4x101 ±33.04x101 MPN/g, Bogor was 0.28x101 ±0.23x101 MPN/g, and Serang was 6.72x101±25.79x101 MPN/g. Based on the result of ANOVA, the four areas had no significance in diferrence (p>0.05). The conclusion of this study showed that the average number of E. coli from Bekasi and Serang were over the maximum limit of microbial contamination as permitted by SNI 01-7388-2009 (1x101 MPN/g), whereas DKI Jakarta and Bogor were under the maximum limit. The prevalence of E. coli in frozen chicken meat from DKI Jakarta was 31.25°/o, Bekasi 31.25°/o, Bogor 27.27°/o, and Serang was 27.78°/o

Authentication of Sumateran Wild Boar (Sus scrofa vittatus) Meat Contamination by Polymerase Chain Reaction Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) Technique of Cytochrome b Gene

High population of Sumateran wild boar causes the increasing number of hunting and overflowing of wild boar meat availability in the market at a very low price. This condition leads to the falsification of meat. This study was aimed to characterize and differentiate Sumateran wild boar meat (Sus scrofa vittatus) and beef (Bos taurus) since Sumateran wild boar meat is often falsified as a beef in Indonesian traditional market. The domesticated pork meat (Sus scrofa domestica) was also investigated to compare Sumateran wild boar meat and domestic pork. Samples used in this study were DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) from pork (Sus scrofa domestica), Sumateran wild boar meat (Sus scrofa vittatus), and beef (Bos taurus). Beef and pork were obtained from traditional markets in Bogor city whereas Sumateran wild boar meat was obtained from Way Kanan Regency, Lampung Province. Herein, we performed a thorough investigation on Sumateran wild boar meat (Sus scrofa vittatus) and beef (Bos taurus) using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. This study utilized cytochrome b primer from mitochondria DNA with the size target amplification of 359 bp. This study utilized the restriction endonuclease enzymes, i.e. AluI, BsaJI, HindIII, RsaI, HaeIII, and TaqαI, in order to digest the amplification products from cytochrome b gene. The results showed that HaeIII is the merely specific enzyme to discriminate wild boar meat, domestic pork, and beef since HaeIII was able to digest these three meats in different locations of cyt b gene. However, AluI, BsaJI, HindIII, RsaI, and TaqαI enzymes were not specific enough to differentiate wild boar meat and domestic pork. In conclusion, among six tested enzymes, the use of PCR-RFLP analysis of the cyt b gene followed by digestion using HaeIII restriction enzyme provides a simple, relatively quick, and accurate identification of Sumateran wild boar species

Tingkat Prevalensi Escherichia Coli Dalam Daging Ayam Beku yang Dilalulintaskan Melalui Pelabuhan Penyeberangan Merak

The aimed of this study was to determine prevalence of Escherichia coli in frozen chicken meat transported through Merak port. The samples were taken from DKI Jakarta (16 samples), Bekasi (11 samples), Bogor (8 samples), and Serang (18 samples). The average number of E. coli in frozen chicken meat from DKI Jakarta was 0.43x101±0.28x101 MPN/g, Bekasi was 10.4x101 ±33.04x101 MPN/g, Bogor was 0.28x101 ±0.23x101 MPN/g, and Serang was 6.72x101±25.79x101 MPN/g. Based on the result of ANOVA, the four areas had no significance in diferrence (p>0.05). The conclusion of this study showed that the average number of E. coli from Bekasi and Serang were over the maximum limit of microbial contamination as permitted by SNI 01-7388-2009 (1x101 MPN/g), whereas DKI Jakarta and Bogor were under the maximum limit. The prevalence of E. coli in frozen chicken meat from DKI Jakarta was 31.25°/o, Bekasi 31.25°/o, Bogor 27.27°/o, and Serang was 27.78°/o

TINGKAT PREVALENSI ESCHERICHIA COLI DALAM DAGING AYAM BEKU YANG DILALULINTASKAN MELALUI PELABUHAN PENYEBERANGAN MERAK

The aimed of this study was to determine prevalence of Escherichia coli in frozen chicken meat transported through Merak port. The samples were taken from DKI Jakarta (16 samples), Bekasi (11 samples), Bogor (8 samples), and Serang (18 samples). The average number of E. coli in frozen chicken meat from DKI Jakarta was 0.43x101±0.28x101 MPN/g, Bekasi was 10.4x101±33.04x101 MPN/g, Bogor was 0.28x101±0.23x101 MPN/g, and Serang was 6.72x101±25.79x101 MPN/g. Based on the result of ANOVA, the four areas had no significance in diferrence (p>0.05). The conclusion of this study showed that the average number of E. coli from Bekasi and Serang were over the maximum limit of microbial contamination as permitted by SNI 01-7388-2009 (1x101 MPN/g), whereas DKI Jakarta and Bogor were under the maximum limit. The prevalence of E. coli in frozen chicken meat from DKI Jakarta was 31.25%, Bekasi 31.25%, Bogor 27.27%, and Serang was 27.78

Pengujian Staphylococus Aureus pada Daging Ayam Beku yang Dilalulintaskan melalui Pelabuhan Penyeberangan Merak

This study was aimed to test Staphylococcus aureus in frozen chicken meat as an indicator of quality and poultry slaughter house hygiene. Thirty two samples of frozen chicken meats transported through Merak port were taken from Cilegon 2 nd Class Agricultural Quarantine Installation. Those samples came from DKI Jakarta (11 samples), Bekasi (6 samples), Bogor (4 samples) and Serang (11 samples). Number of S. aureus in frozen chicken meat was conducted with plate count method using baird parker agar (BPA) media. The result showed that the average number of S. aureus in Serang was the highest (5.4x102±6.73x102 cfu/g). In the other hand, Bekasi had the lowest average number of S. aureus (0.60x102±0.38x 102 cfu/g ). From the four areas, there were samples which over the maximum limit of S.aureus as permitted in SNI 01-7388-2009 (1x102 cfu/g ) with an avarege proportion about 35.42%