Impact of industrial effluents on Alaro river in Oluyole industrial estate, Ibadan and its suitability for aquatic life

Human activities involving urbanization, agricultural development, overuse of fertilizers, inadequate management of land use and waste disposal can affect the quality of water and making it unfit for both aquaculture and domestic purposes. Thus, overexploitation and its attendant pollution is dangerous and threatening to spoil freshwater and aquatic ecosystems. Hence, this study was designed to evaluate quality of water around an industrial area in order to assess its suitability for aquatic life and to evolve policies for use and protection of water resources. A total number of thirty (30) water samples were collected from six (6) different sites and were subjected to hydrochemical analysis using various standard methods to determine their conformity to World Health Organization (WHO) maximum allowance concentration. As against the WHO recommendation of absence of colouration for drinking water, the water samples were not all colourless but had varying colours ranging from light green to greenish brown. The mean values of Conductivity (387.27uS), pH (7.38), Total Suspended Solids [TSS] (423.87mg/L) and Total Dissolved Solids[TDS] (212.97mg/L) fall within the WHO standard, those of Salinity (0.18%), Turbidity (149.00 NTU), Biochemical Oxygen Demand[BOD] (106.80mg/L), Chemical Oxygen Demand[COD] (187.10mg/L) and NH4 (4.44mg/L) were higher than the WHO standard while Dissolved Oxygen[DO] (3.49mg/L) and CL-(39.48mg/L) fall below the standard. These parameters make Alaro river unsuitable for aquatic life (fish) and therefore recommended that government and other stakeholders should take overdue steps in the development and implementation of waste water and industrial effluent receiving facilities in order to prevent discharge of untreated effluents into water bodies.Keywords: Fresh water, Hydrochemical, Pollution, Standard, Urbanizatio

Multiple antibiotic resistance indices of Aeromonas hydrophila isolates of muscle of catfish (Clarias gariepinus, Burchell 1822) from selected markets in Ibadan, Nigeria

The extensive use and misuse of antimicrobials for treatment and prophylaxis in livestock production generally and aquaculture in particular is of great concern to environmental and public health. In Nigeria, regulation and monitoring of aquaculture and other livestock production activities at best is lax. Drug resistance pathogens have therefore been consistently reported in Nigeria.Ninety-eight adult live fishes weighing an average of 684.88±141.73g were purchased at random from different live-fish selling points fortnightly over a fourteen-week period. Fish were anaesthetized using Tricaine Methane Sulfonate (MS222 and 15g of muscle excised and processed according to standard methods. Growth, isolation and characterization of Aeromonas hydrophila was accomplished using Rimler-Shotts agar medium which had been infused with ampicillin supplement for 24 hours and incubated at 37oC and appropriate biochemical tests.Ten positive isolates (AH1-AH10) were subjected to culture and sensitivity test using the disc diffusion method on nutrient agar. Zones of growth inhibition around the colonies were observed, measured and characterized as sensitive, intermediate and resistant based on the Manual of Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing method. All the isolates had MAR >0.2. Isolate AH9 had the highest MAR index (1). Three of the isolates (AH3, AH5 and AH8) had MAR indices of 0.89, while AH2, AH4 and AH7 had MAR indices of 0.67. This study established the resistance of Aeromonas hydrophila isolates from fish muscle to a wide range of antibiotic. The detection of high MAR A. hydrophila in muscle of fish intended for consumption is significant and could act as a potential source of resistant bacteria for humans. Further investigation into antimicrobial resistance is recommended

Effect of semen extenders on the motility and viability of stored African Catfish ( Clarias gariepinus ) spermatozoa

This study assessed the effects of common extenders and diluents on the spermatozoa of African catfish ( Clarias gariepinus ), with the intent of obtaining a semen preservation protocol that can serve as a means of making fingerlings available to fish farmers all year round. Semen samples (milt) were pooled from mature broodstock males and pre-extension qualities were evaluated. Egg yolk, tomato juice and sodium citrate buffers were combined in four different trials and used to preserve obtained semen at temperatures of 5\ub0C and -40\ub0C for 8 days and 4 weeks respectively in different trials. Motility indices of extended, preserved, refrigerated and frozen semen were used to analyze the effect of the various combinations. Forward, progressive and rectilinear motion was employed as a significant measurement of the livability of extended sperm cells and the efficacy of the extender solution. The result of the study showed that the buffer (sodium citrate) on its own performed excellently well (sperm motility was 85%) in enhancing survival within the first 24-48 hours post extension; Semen extended with 20% tomato juice gave the best survival rate when stored at 5\ub0C, because the sperm cells were still viable by day 6 post- extension. Extender containing 20% egg yolk gave 70% motility while that containing 10% egg yolk mixed with 10% tomato juice gave 60% motility. However, motility decreased progressively as the period of storage increased. The results of the effect of freezing (at -40\ub0C) on motility revealed that no motility was observed in all the cryopreserved trials except the sample containing 10% egg yolk and 10% tomato juice, which recorded 10% post-thaw motility

Aquatic environmental assessment in relation to buruli ulcer epidemiolgy In Ogun State, Nigeria: the public health implication

This study attempted to access water quality status of aquatic habitats in BU identified communities in Ogun State and evaluated the heavy metal level in the rivers using fish as a bio-monitor. Water and fish samples were sourced from Eggua, Yewa and Whekan Topa rivers in Ogun State. Physico-chemical parameters and heavy metals were assessed using standardised methods for water and waste water analysis protocol. All the assessed physico-chemical parameters and heavy metals were within acceptable limits for fresh water bodies. However, WhekanTopa river showed highest level of total dissolved solids, conductivity and chemical oxygen demand which were significantly higher than those of Eggua and Yewa rivers. The limnology from this study revealed no obvious evidence of pollution of the study locations. This condition does not encourage growth sustenance of Mycobacterium ulcerans pathogen as it has been established that BU pathogen growth thrives in poor water quality environment. Therefore, it is of public health importance that the environments studied should be protected from environmental pollution to forestall possible M. ulcerans increased proliferation and concomitant outbreak of Buruli ulcer disease in the study areas.Keywords: Water quality, Buruli ulcer, aquatic environment, public health, Ogun Stat

Haematological and histopathological effects of Cassava Mill Effluent in Clarias gariepinus

Adult Clarias gariepinus of mean weight and mean standard length of 450 ± 50gm and 34 ± 5 cm respectively were allotted to aquaria at 10 fish per group (A-D) in replicates, based on the dose of cassava wastewater (CWW) to be administered (2, 5, 10 and 15 mls) respectively. Group E served as the control. The different doses were administered to the various groups for three consecutive days. After 96 hours, no mortality was observed in the control (Group E) and the group (Group A) injected with 2mls of cassava wastewater (CWW), 20% mortality was observed in the group that were injected with 5mls (Group B) and 50% mortality was observed in the 10mls group (C). None survived (100%mortality) in the group that was injected with 15mls CWW. Haematological changes in groups A, B and C includes: Anaemia marked by significantly low (at p< 0.05) PCV, Hb and RBC (in B and C alone). MCV values were significantly low in all the experimental groups relative to the control; MCH value was significantly low in Group A, while MCHC was significantly low (p< 0.05) in groups B and C. The total white blood cell (WBC) count was significantly higher (p< 0.05) than the control in all the experimental groups. Histopathological lesions were marked in the fish injected with the higher dose (10ml), the fish revealed severe necrosis, hypertrophy and vacuolation of hepatocytes. Other observation during the experiment includes reduced activities (swimming), haemorrahagic patches on the ventral surface of the fish, general discoloration and anoxia

Haematologic and Biochemical Parameters of Haemogregarine-infected and Non-infected African Hinge-Back Tortoises in Ibadan, Nigeria

This study was conducted to evaluate haematological and biochemical parameters of haemogregarine-infected (h-infected) andnon-infected African hinge-back tortoises in Ibadan, Nigeria. Blood samples were collected from 120 tortoises, of which 70 were Kinixys belliana and 50 were K. homeana. Stained thin smears were examined for haemogregarines using light microscope. Haematological and biochemical analyses were carried out following standard procedures. A total of 91(75.83 %) tortoises were positive for haemogregarines. Significantly (P&lt;0.05) lower values of haematocrit (23.92 %), haemoglobin (5.21g/dl) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) (21.78 %) were recorded for h-infected tortoises with haematocrit (33.29 %), haemoglobin (8.31g/dl) and MCHC (24.96 %). Higher values of white blood cells (WBC) (7.26 x 109 /L) and lymphocytes (2.71x109 /L), were observed in h-infected than non-infected with WBC (5.58 x 109 /L) and lymphocytes (2.15x109 /L). Higher values of haematocrit and haemaglobin were recorded for K. Homeana. Males had higher haematocrit (27.27 %) and WBC (7.09 x 109 /L) than females with haematocrit (24.35 %) and WBC (6.93 x 109 /L). Females had higher MCHC, haemoglobin and calcium values than males. The lower values of haematocrit, haemoglobin and MCHC obtained for h-infected tortoises were expected since haemogregarines are usually found intra-erythrocytic in&nbsp; their host thereby destroying affected erythrocytes and causing a decrease in haematocrit value. Higher WBC counts in h-infected tortoises is typical in diseased conditions. The higher level of calcium in female tortoises is due to their reproductive cycle&nbsp; especially vitellogenesis and egg formation. Hypo-proteinaemia recorded in h- infected tortoises was attributed to parasitism. It is concluded that majority of haematological and biochemical analytes showed considerable variations with level of infection status, species and gender. Keywords: Kinixys belliana; Kinixys homeana; Haematology; Plasma biochemistry; Haemogregarine parasites&nbsp

Heavy metal pollution of aquatic systems in oil producing communities of delta state, Nigeria

Objective: This study was designed to determine the heavy metal pollution status of some rivers and creeks within oil producing communities in Delta state of Nigeria.Methodology and Results: Water and fish samples were collected from six Rivers in Delta state viz: Egbokodo River in Warri, River Ethiope in Sapele, Urie River in Igbide Isoko, Asaba-Ase creek, Aragba River in Abraka, and Uzere Creek. Water fresh, and ready to eat fish samples were analyzed for heavy metals (lead, cadmium, manganese, copper, iron and nickel) levels. Most heavy metals were marginally below the residual level recommended by the World health organisation (WHO) and Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA). Iron cadmium and Nickel were detected in all samples irrespective of the site of collection. Nickel exceeded the WHO standard limit (0.6) in fresh fish samples from Aragba (0.89) and Asaba-Ase (0.7), while fresh fish sample from Ethiope river had marginally higher Manganese concentrations (0.57) than recommended by WHO (0.5)Conclusion and application of results: Fish from each of these rivers were marginally safe in their concentration of the studied metals. Caution and constant monitoring to prevent increased concentration and to the aquatic fauna and resultant toxicity to human consumers through the trophic web is important. Further investigation and routine monitoring will enable optimal recommendations and policies for surface water and fauna monitoring of the Niger Delta region in Nigeria.Keywords: Heavy metals; Pollution; fish; Delta state; Nigeri

Effect of semen extenders on the motility and viability of stored African Catfish ( Clarias gariepinus ) spermatozoa

This study assessed the effects of common extenders and diluents on the spermatozoa of African catfish ( Clarias gariepinus ), with the intent of obtaining a semen preservation protocol that can serve as a means of making fingerlings available to fish farmers all year round. Semen samples (milt) were pooled from mature broodstock males and pre-extension qualities were evaluated. Egg yolk, tomato juice and sodium citrate buffers were combined in four different trials and used to preserve obtained semen at temperatures of 5°C and -40°C for 8 days and 4 weeks respectively in different trials. Motility indices of extended, preserved, refrigerated and frozen semen were used to analyze the effect of the various combinations. Forward, progressive and rectilinear motion was employed as a significant measurement of the livability of extended sperm cells and the efficacy of the extender solution. The result of the study showed that the buffer (sodium citrate) on its own performed excellently well (sperm motility was 85%) in enhancing survival within the first 24-48 hours post extension; Semen extended with 20% tomato juice gave the best survival rate when stored at 5°C, because the sperm cells were still viable by day 6 post- extension. Extender containing 20% egg yolk gave 70% motility while that containing 10% egg yolk mixed with 10% tomato juice gave 60% motility. However, motility decreased progressively as the period of storage increased. The results of the effect of freezing (at -40°C) on motility revealed that no motility was observed in all the cryopreserved trials except the sample containing 10% egg yolk and 10% tomato juice, which recorded 10% post-thaw motility

Proliferative Responses of Tilapia T-Like Lymphocytes to Stimulation by Concanavalin A

Peripheral blood lymphocytes were cultured in vitro in the presence of a mitogen; Concanavalin A (Con A), this resulted into a process described as lymphocyte transformation. The morphological changes in the cells were studied using phase contrast and electron microscopes. The results presented corroborated the existence of lymphocyte heterogeneity in tilapias

Effect of temperature on spoilage of fresh and frozen fish sold in markets in Ibadan

The study determined the progression of spoilage in response to temperature and also ascertained the wholesomeness of fish offered for sale at different times of the day from selected markets in Ibadan. Fresh and frozen fish were bought from Sango and Bodija markets in Ibadan,the temperature was recorded and the samples were transported in a Coleman cooler to the laboratory for further analysis. Upon arrival, the temperature was again recorded and samples were exposed to different environmental temperatures; assessment for spoilage was conductedon the fish samples at 3 hourly intervals thereafter. Assessment was based on physical appearance of fish and enzyme analysis through measurement of changes in trimethylamine (TMA) concentration in fish muscles using picrate method. Chemical analysis showed progressive rise in TMA during storage. TMA values revealed no statistically significant (p=0.99) difference at