Leishmaniose visceral canina em Barra de Guaratiba, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil: avaliação dos fatores de risco

Barra de Guaratiba é uma região litorânea da cidade do Rio de Janeiro onde a leishmaniose visceral americana é endêmica. Apesar das medidas de controle aplicadas nessa localidade, incluindo sacrifício de cães e borrifação de inseticidas, a soroprevalência canina está estimada em 25% e durante 1995 e 1997, 8 casos humanos autóctones foram notificados. Para avaliar fatores de risco relacionados com o aumento da infecção por Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi em cães, nós examinamos 365 cães utilizando a técnica de Imunofluorescência Indireta (IFAT) e capturamos flebótomos em ambientes doméstico e peridoméstico. Algumas variáveis relacionadas à infecção foram avaliadas por análise uni e multivariada. A distância da residência a borda da floresta, sua altitude e presença do gambá Didelphis marsupialis no quintal, foram considerados fatores preditores da infecção por Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasiem cães de Barra de Guaratiba. A presença de Lutzomyia longipalpis em ambiente peridoméstico indica a possibilidade de ocorrência de novos casos humanos. Nossos dados também sugerem a presença de um ciclo enzoótico nessa localidade.Barra de Guaratiba is a coastal area of the city of Rio de Janeiro where American visceral leishmaniasis (AVL) is endemic. Although control measures including killing of dogs and use of insecticides have been applied at this locality, the canine seroprevalence remains at 25% and during 1995 and 1997 eight autochthonous human cases were notified. In order to evaluate factors related to the increase of the risk for Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi infection in dogs we have screened 365 dogs by anti-Leishmania immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT) and captured sandflies in the domestic and peridomestic environment. Some variables related to the infection were assessed by uni- and multivariate analysis. The distance of the residence from the forest border, its altitude and the presence of the opossum Didelphis marsupialis in the backyard, were found predictor factors for L. (L.) chagasi infection in dogs in Barra de Guaratiba. The presence of Lutzomyia longipalpis in the peridomestic environment indicates the possibility of appearence of new human cases. Our data also suggest the presence of a sylvatic enzootic cycle at this locality

Continuous increase of cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and non-HIV related cancers as causes of death in HIV-infected individuals in Brazil: An analysis of nationwide data

Introduction: After antiretroviral therapy (ART) became available, there was a decline in the number of deaths in persons infected with HIV. Thereafter, there was a decrease in the proportion of deaths attributed to opportunistic infections and an increase in the proportion of deaths attributed to chronic comorbidities. Herein we extend previous observations from a nationwide survey on temporal trends in causes of death in HIV-infected patients in Brazil. Methods: We describe temporal trends in causes of death among adults who had HIV/AIDS listed in the death certificate to those who did not. All death certificates issued in Brazil from 1999 to 2011 and listed in the national mortality database were included. Generalized linear mixed-effects logistic models were used to study temporal trends in proportions. Results: In the HIV-infected population, there was an annual adjusted average increase of 6.0%, 12.0%, 4.0% and 4.1% for cancer, external causes, cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and diabetes mellitus (DM), respectively, compared to 3.0%, 4.0%, 1.0% and 3.9%, in the non-HIV group. For tuberculosis (TB), there was an adjusted average increase of 0.3%/year and a decrease of 3.0%/year in the HIV and the non-HIV groups, respectively. Compared to 1999, the odds ratio (OR) for cancer, external causes, CVD, DM, or TB in the HIV group were, respectively, 2.31, 4.17, 1.76, 2.27 and 1.02, while for the non-HIV group, the corresponding OR were 1.31, 1.63, 1.14, 1.62 and 0.67. Interactions between year as a continuous or categorical variable and HIV were significant (p <0.001) for all conditions, except for DM when year was considered as a continuous variable (p = 0.76). Conclusions: Non HIV-related co-morbidities continue to increase more rapidly as causes of death among HIV-infected individuals than in those without HIV infection, highlighting the need for targeting prevention measures and surveillance for chronic diseases among those patients. © 2014 Paula et al

Canine visceral leishmaniasis in Barra de Guaratiba, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: assessment of risk factors

Barra de Guaratiba is a coastal area of the city of Rio de Janeiro where American visceral leishmaniasis (AVL) is endemic. Although control measures including killing of dogs and use of insecticides have been applied at this locality, the canine seroprevalence remains at 25% and during 1995 and 1997 eight autochthonous human cases were notified. In order to evaluate factors related to the increase of the risk for Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi infection in dogs we have screened 365 dogs by anti-Leishmania immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT) and captured sandflies in the domestic and peridomestic environment. Some variables related to the infection were assessed by uni- and multivariate analysis. The distance of the residence from the forest border, its altitude and the presence of the opossum Didelphis marsupialis in the backyard, were found predictor factors for L. (L.) chagasi infection in dogs in Barra de Guaratiba. The presence of Lutzomyia longipalpis in the peridomestic environment indicates the possibility of appearence of new human cases. Our data also suggest the presence of a sylvatic enzootic cycle at this locality

Continuous Increase of Cardiovascular Diseases, Diabetes, and Non-HIV Related Cancers as Causes of Death in HIV-Infected Individuals in Brazil: An Analysis of Nationwide Data

Abstract Introduction: After antiretroviral therapy (ART) became available, there was a decline in the number of deaths in persons infected with HIV. Thereafter, there was a decrease in the proportion of deaths attributed to opportunistic infections and an increase in the proportion of deaths attributed to chronic comorbidities. Herein we extend previous observations from a nationwide survey on temporal trends in causes of death in HIV-infected patients in Brazil

Lack of Galectin-3 Disturbs Mesenteric Lymph Node Homeostasis and B Cell Niches in the Course of Schistosoma mansoni Infection

Galectin-3 is a beta-galactoside-binding protein that has been shown to regulate pathophysiological processes, including cellular activation, differentiation and apoptosis. Recently, we showed that galectin-3 acts as a potent inhibitor of B cell differentiation into plasma cells. Here, we have investigated whether galectin-3 interferes with the lymphoid organization of B cell compartments in mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) during chronic schistosomiasis, using WT and galectin-3(-/-) mice. Schistosoma mansoni synthesizes GalNAc beta 1-4(Fuc alpha 1-3) GlcNAc(Lac-DiNAc) structures (N-acetylgalactosamine beta 1-4 N-acetylglucosamine), which are known to interact with galectin-3 and elicit an intense humoral response. Antigens derived from the eggs and adult worms are continuously drained to MLNs and induce a polyclonal B cell activation. In the present work, we observed that chronically-infected galectin-3(-/-) mice exhibited a significant reduced amount of macrophages and B lymphocytes followed by drastic histological changes in B lymphocyte and plasma cell niches in the MLNs. The lack of galectin-3 favored an increase in the lymphoid follicle number, but made follicular cells more susceptible to apoptotic stimuli. There were an excessive quantity of apoptotic bodies, higher number of annexin V(+)/PI(-) cells, and reduced clearance of follicular apoptotic cells in the course of schistosomiasis. Here, we observed that galectin-3 was expressed in nonlymphoid follicular cells and its absence was associated with severe damage to tissue architecture. Thus, we convey new information on the role of galectin-3 in regulation of histological events associated with B lymphocyte and plasma cell niches, apoptosis, phagocytosis and cell cycle properties in the MLNs of mice challenged with S. mansoni.Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento (CNPq) [472553/2008-9]Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP)Associacao Paul Ehrlich de Biologia Celular Aplicada a Medicina (APABCAM

Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals comparing the chance of having the disease listed on the death certificate over time of Non-HIV related cancers (A), external causes (B), cardiovascular diseases (C), Diabetes Mellitus (D) and Tuberculosis (E); year as a categorical variable and 1999 as the baseline reference.

<p>Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals comparing the chance of having the disease listed on the death certificate over time of Non-HIV related cancers (A), external causes (B), cardiovascular diseases (C), Diabetes Mellitus (D) and Tuberculosis (E); year as a categorical variable and 1999 as the baseline reference.</p

Relative number of cells during cell cycle events in MLNs of mice chronically-infected with <i>Schistosoma mansoni.</i>

<p>Data are reported as means ± SEM, They are representative of three independent experiments, Statistical analysis: Tukey's multiple comparison test (*, <i>P</i><0.05).</p

Immunohistochemistry to localize B lymphocyte and plasma cell niches in MLNs.

<p>(A) Immunoreactivity for B cells using anti-B220 antibody preferentially within of lymphoid follicles (LF) in chronically-infected WT wild type mice. (B) In galectin-3−/− mice, B220+ cells were randomly dispersed by the parenchyma forming numerous lymphoid follicles. In infected WT mice, CD138+ plasma cells and Blimp-1+ antibody-secreting cells were found in cellular cords in extrafollicular regions (C and E, respectively). In infected galectin-3−/− mice, CD138+ and Blimp-1+ plasma cells were randomly scattered throughout the parenchyma (D and F, respectively). A–F: Original magnification, 200x. Boxed images: original magnification, 400x. Data are reported as means + SEM and are representative of three independent experiments.</p