Decentralized Collective Bargaining and Salary Differentials in the Civil Services in Nigeria

The study examined the effects of decentralized collective bargaining on salary differentials and industrial harmony in the Civil Services in Nigeria. Primary data were collected through structured questionnaire and oral interview in six selected Civil services in Nigeria. Interviews were also conducted with Directors of Establishment in each of the selected Civil Services and secretaries of the Association of Senior Civil Servants in Oyo, Kwara, Kaduna, Adamawa, Cross Rivers and Enugu states representing a state in each of the six geo-political zone. Secondary data were collected through official documents of the Association of Senior Civil Servants of Nigeria. The data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics. The study revealed that decentralised collective bargaining has led to deregulation of salary grade structures in the Civil Services in the country, presently there exists 13 salary grade structures for various professionals respectively in the Civil Services. Further decentralized collective bargaining was the major cause of salary differentials in the Civil Services in Nigeria as recorded by 76.4% of the respondents. Similarly, decentralized collective bargaining was the major cause of industrial conflicts in the Civil Services in the country as recorded by 85% of the respondents. The study concluded that decentralized collective bargaining to be modified in line with ecology of administration in Nigeria in order to make salaries competitive in  the public sector

Unraveling subsurface crustal dynamics: exploring electrical and seismic refraction methods from theories to existing and machine learning-based emerging prospects

This comprehensive review explores electrical and seismic refraction methods, including their emerging techniques, namely electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and seismic refraction tomography (SRT). It discusses their crucial roles in understanding surface-subsurface crustal dynamics, outlining their principles, strengths, and limitations. Additionally, it provides insights into the induced polarization method and briefly discusses the self-potential method. The review thoroughly examines the mapping of surface-subsurface resistivity and velocity structures, crucial for comprehending Earth's surface, deep crustal, and hazard processes. Despite the numerous benefits of these techniques, challenges persist, necessitating multidisciplinary approaches due to lithology heterogeneities, geological process nuances, and geophysical data uncertainties. Hence, the emergence of machine learning and deep learning in ERT and SRT significantly enhances their accuracy in inversion modeling and geological feature identification. This integration of domain-specific knowledge with data- and image-driven approaches effectively addresses subsurface characterization challenges. Case studies utilizing real-time field electrical and seismic P-wave velocity datasets illustrate concepts, accompanied by the development of new methodological frameworks and analytical modeling. These frameworks provide systematic data modeling, facilitating velocity-resistivity relationships for enhanced geological characterization. This evidence underscores the importance of leveraging state-of-the-art techniques to obtain a broader range of parameters for subsurface structure delineation, environmental risk assessment, and informed decision-making. Ongoing research innovation is anticipated to continue improving capabilities in subsurface geophysical exploration.Comment: 35 pages in total (double column used), 27 Figures, and 3 Tables. This preprint will be submitted to Springer for consideration, review, and publicatio

SIMULATION OF A MICRO-CONTROLLER BASED WASHING MACHINE

We simulate a programmable, sizeable, affordable and highly reliable software that can be used for controlling various washingoperations and different kinds of fabrics. Simulation processes included the selection of the various memory and address chips,the counter, interface and display for the controller. Proof of Concept implementation of the micro-controller powered washingmachine will execute effectively using in-circuit emulator which combines debugging with a board that simulates (or in fact,emulates) in real time..Keywords: Programmable, simulation, software, implementation, counter, washing machine and fabric

Evaluation of temperament and morphometric traits in white Fulani and Simmental x Sokoto Gudali cattle

The study was undertaken to assess the temperament traits associated with   handling activities and morphometric traits in two genotypes of cattle. Data from 90 bulls comprising 47 White Fulani (WF) and 43 Simmental x Sokoto Gudali (SG) aged between 36-38 months was utilised. All the morphometric traits of the SG were   significantly (P<0.05) higher than the White Fulani (WF) breeds. The coefficient of variation for bodyweight (BW) and thigh length (TL) were high. The temperamental traits for the SG were significantly (P<0.05) lower than the WF genotypes. The  coefficient of variation for the temperament traits was high. The correlation between BW and body length (BL), Ear length (EL), thigh length (TL) and height at wither (HW) were highly significant (P<0.01) and positive in WF. Pen score (PS), chute score  (CS) and exit score (ES) had  significantly (P<0.05) negative correlations with BW in the WF genotype. The  relationships between BW and BL, TL and height at withers  (HW) were highly significant (P<0.01) and positive in SG. CS had a significant  (P<0.05) positive relationship with BW in the SG genotype. The variations in the  population can be used for improvement of beef cattle which are easier to manage by their handlers,Keywords: beef cattle, temperament traits, morphometric trait

Nijerya'nın güneybatı temel kompleks bölgesinde yüzeye çıkan granit kayaların doğal radyoaktivite ve radyolojik tehlikelerinin yerinde değerlendirilmesi

Radioactive emission (gamma ray) emanating from rock materials constitutes threats to humans and their environment. Hence, the natural radioactivity and radiological hazard indices of some granite gneiss outcrops with their residual soils from two different localities within the Southwestern Basement Complex of Nigeria were assessed using Gamma-ray spectrometry. The study aimed at determining the natural radiation levels of granite gneissic rocks and associated radiological threats to people living in the study area from gamma ray exposure. Data were collected along six geophysical traverses of 200 m each with station spacing of 5 m using the portable hand-held Gamma-ray Spectrometer. The results of weighted mean values of the elemental and activity concentrations for 40K, 238U, and 232Th are 2.00 ± 1.43%, 3.13 ± 0.90 ppm, 12.32 ± 4.99 ppm and 629.28 ± 447.29, 38.58 ± 11.02, 49.96 ± 20.23 respectively. The obtained mean concentration ratios of 1.32 for U/Th and 2.14 for Th/U were higher than 0.26 and lower than 3.5 global standard ratios respectively. The increase in activity concentrations and concentration ratio may have suggested the enrichment of radioactive minerals in the granite gneissic rocks. The annual outdoor and indoor effective doses of gamma ray exposure for people living in the study area were below the world permissible standard of 1 , thus, the area is radiologically safe. However, increase in estimated mean of AGDE and ELCR; 525.620 and 1.273 above the world permissible standards of 300 and respectively does not translate to significant radiological threats. Therefore, control measure by constant monitoring of the radioactivity levels of the area and rocks should be practiced.Kaya materyallerinden kaynaklanan radyoaktif emisyon (gama ışını) insanlara ve çevresine tehdit oluşturur. Bu nedenle, Nijerya'nın Güneybatı Temel Kompleksi'nde iki farklı bölgeden yüzeye çıkan granit kayalar ile bunların kalıntısı olan toprakların doğal radyoaktivite ve radyolojik tehlike endeksleri Gamma-ray spektrofotometre kullanılarak değerlendirilmiştir. Bu çalışmada, granit yapıdaki kayaların doğal radyasyon düzeylerinin ve bağlantılı radyolojik tehlikelerin çalışma alanında yaşayan ve gama ışınına maruz kalan insanlar üzerindeki etkilerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Veriler, taşınabilir Gamma-ray Spektrometresi kullanılarak her biri 200 m’lik altı jeofizik travers boyunca 5 m’lik istasyon aralığı ile toplanmıştır. 40K, 238U ve 232Th için temel ve aktivite konsantrasyonlarının ağırlıklı ortalama değerlerinin sonuçları sırasıyla %2.00 ± 1.43, 3.13 ± 0.90 ppm, 12.32 ± 4.99 ppm ve 629.28 ± 447.29, 38.58 ± 11.02, 49.96 ± 20.23 dir. Elde edilen U/Th (1.32) ve Th/U (2.14) ortalama konsantrasyon oranları, sırasıyla, genel standart oranları olan 0.26’dan yüksek ve 3.5’tan düşüktür. Aktivite konsantrasyonları ve konsantrasyon oranlarındaki artış, yüzeye çıkan granit kayalarda radyoaktif minerallerin zenginleştiği anlamına gelebilir. Çalışma alanında yaşayan insanlar için gamma ışını maruziyetinde uygulanan yıllık dış ve iç etkili dozları dünyanın izin verilen 1 standardının altında olduğundan, alan radyolojik olarak güvenlidir. Bununla birlikte, AGDE ve ELCR'nin tahmini ortalamaları olan 525.620 ve 1.273 x10-3 değerlerindeki artışın, izin verilen 300 ve 0.29 x10-3 standart miktarların üzerinde olması da ciddi radyolojik tehditler anlamına gelmemelidir. Bu nedenle, alanın ve kayaların radyoaktivite seviyesinin sürekli izlendiği kontrol önlemleri tatbik edilmelidir

A Study of the Recreational Impact on Nolin Flood Control Reservoir in West Central Kentucky

The purposes of this study are: (1) to consider factors that influenced the creation of Nolin Reservoir, and the selection of its recreation sites, (2) to consider the growth and the variations in attendance and participation in activities as a function of quantity and quality of available facilities and accessibility, and (3) to trace the changes that the creation of the reservoir has brought on the surrounding land use, value and ownership. Through the use of questionnaires, interviews and field investigations, the purposes were accomplished. Nolin Reservoir was constructed by the Army Corps of Engineers. After extensive study, the cost and availability of materials for construction were found to be the major factors in selecting the dam site and public use areas. Attendance and participation at the reservoir and at particular recreation sites were found to vary. Such factors as the physical setting, accessibility, quantity and quality of facilities, and distance of each center to an urban area were found to have played significant roles in the analysis. Tracing the changes in land use, value and ownership, it was determined that agricultural use has been converted into recreational use. This change has brought about other changes. Land values began to rise. In eleven years (1964-1974), land values have increased about 500 percent. The increase in land value had induced many types of land ownerships in the basin. Developers became active, and subdivisions were introduced in 1964. By 1974, there were 75 subdivisions in the basin. Many farmers converted their arable land into housing development and commercial uses of land have also developed

Divalent metal complexes of 4-amino-N-pyrimidin-2-ylbenzene sulphonamide and their antimalarial activities against Plasmodium berghei

Coordination compounds of 4-amino-N-pyrimidin-2-ylbenzene sulphonamide (APS) were synthesized. The complexes were formulated as [Co(APS)2(H2O)2], [Cu(APS)2(H2O)2], [Ni(APS)2(H2O)2], [Cd(APS)2](H2O)2, [Fe(APS)3](H­2O)­3 and [Mn(APS)2(H2O)2] characterized by elemental analysis, conductivity, IR, UV-Vis, magnet moment and 1H-NMR and mass spectroscopies. In all the complexes the metal ions coordinate through pyrimidinic nitrogen and sulphonamidic nitrogen of the two molecules of APS. The suggested structure for Cd(II) complex of APS is tetrahedral, while that of Cu(II), Mn(II) and Ni(II) APS complexes is octahedral. The inner coordination spheres were occupied by two water molecules in Co(II), Mn(II), Cu(II), Ni(II) APS complexes except Cd(II) with 2 molecules of  water outside the coordination  sphere. Fe(III) coordinates with 3 molecules of APS with 3 molecules of water outside the coordination sphere. The antiparasitic studies using Plasmodium berghei as test organism showed that the Fe(III) complex exhibits higher activity than chloroquine and  ligand. All other complexes have lower antiparasitic activity.KEY WORDS: Sulphonamide, Antimalarial activity, Plasmodium berghei Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2011, 25(3), 371-380

Exploring the potentials of microalgae as an alternative source of renewable energy

The world’s energy needs highly depend on fossil fuels, which were formed over several million centuries. The price of petroleum increases daily and unfortunately, its exploitation is currently at an alarming rate for such essential non-renewable energy. Also, the recent clamour for safe and cheap alternative means of energy generation to mitigate global warming and its detrimental effects is drawing attention towards biofuel production to supplement and possibly, substitute fossil fuels. To this effect, many plant materials have been tested and employed in the past decades for biofuel production. However, a good number of plants used in biofuel production as feedstock are crop plants, which have more economic value as food. Therefore, it is imperative to explore the possibility of biofuel production from non-food sources, hence, we examine the potential of microalgae as an alternative source of renewable energy. Microalgae are of great interest in biofuel production for its high productivity, cosmopolitan nature, easy culturing on waters and land, and noncompeting with conventional agriculture for resources. In view of these, this article focuses on the potentials of microalgae in biofuel production and mitigation of environmental pollution by its considerably low greenhouse gas emissions

PREGLED TEHNIKA SEIZMIČKE REFRAKCIJE I TOMOGRAFIJE ELEKTRIČNOM OTPORNOŠĆU U ISTRAŽIVANJU PODZEMLJA

Geophysical subsurface investigations use the principles of physics to unravel intrinsic Earth’s subsurface features and nature of the underlying geology. Over the past two decades, the use of Seismic Refraction Tomography (SRT) and Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) for subsurface investigations has greatly improved the quality of acquired data for two- and three-dimensional (2D and 3D) surveys. SRT employs more shotpoints and receivers than the conventional seismic refraction for its imaging technique. ERT uses automated multi-electrode array systems to improve the confidence of large and dense data collection. SRT and ERT techniques use powerful inversion algorithms to achieve high resolution subsurface inversion models for resolving subsurface characteristics and geological conditions over a complex and larger area that may be difficult with the use of their conventional methods. The 2D and 3D inversion models (tomograms) generated from the field data sets of these techniques efficiently ameliorate inaccurate subsurface boundaries and structural delineation with higher depth resolution, especially the 3D inversion models for areas of complex geology. These state-of-the-art techniques have extensively been used for groundwater, environmental, engineering and mining investigations among others. This study provides insight from theories to data inversion techniques for the known tomography techniques (SRT and ERT) in use for subsurface investigations.Geofizičko istraživanje podzemlja temelji se na fizikalnim načelima kojima se objašnjava intrinistička priroda geoloških pojava. Tijekom zadnja dva desetljeća primjena seizmičke refrakcijske tomografije (skr. SRT) te one električne otpornosti (skr. ERT) značajno je povećala kvalitetu 2D i 3D interpretacije prikupljenih podataka. Tehnika SRT-a rabi veći broj točaka i prijamnika negoli konvencionalna seizmička refrakcija. Tehnika ERT-a koristi automatizirane višeelektrodne nizove s ciljem prikupljanja većega broja podataka na manjoj površini. Obje se temelje na naprednim algoritmima inverzije kako bi omogućile stvaranje visokorazlučivih modela podzemlja na kojima je moguće interpretirati složene geološke odnose. Stoga je primjena takvih 2D i 3D modela višestruka; za određivanje granica podzemnih tijela ili promjena u njima, opažanja podzemnih voda, rješavanje inženjersko-geoloških problema, u rudarskim istraživanjima itsl. Ova studija je obuhvatila teorijske osnove tih tehnika te nekoliko primjera njihove uporabe

Sacralisation of the social space : a study of the trans-border expansion of the redemption camp of the Redeemed Christian Church of God

Urban cities in the sub-Saharan Africa have witnessed unprecedented transformation because of the proliferation of religious orders within the social landscape. From Nigeria, Ghana and Cameroon to Uganda, religious practitioners are actively involved in the spatial transformation through the construction of sacred spaces or prayer camps. The Redeemed Christian Church of God (RCCG) typifies one of the several examples of African Pentecostal denominations with transnational status in 200 countries across the world with the hub of its international office situated at the Redemption Camp, Mowe, Nigeria. The sacralisation of forest areas spanning 1600 ha of land has redefined religious institutions such as RCCG as perhaps one of the largest owners of private estate in Nigeria. However, there seems to be an intentional replication of the Redemption Camp, Mowe across Nigeria as well as across the Atlantic as part of the RCCG missionary enterprise. This study aims to utilise the ethnography of the Redemption Camps in Nigeria and Floyd, Texas, United States. The theoretical framework of social worlds is employed to examine the dynamics of religious creativity, innovations, contextual challenges of place-making involved in creating Redemption Camps across borders by the leadership of RCCG through the appropriation of religious capital of its community of sentiments.http://www.hts.org.zaam2020New Testament Studie