The 1988 Revision of 28 U.S.C. 1391(C): Corporate Venue Is Now Equivalent to In Personam Jurisdiction Effects on Civil Actions for Patent Infringement

Venue in federal cases is controlled by the general venue statute unless there exists an applicable special venue statute that attaches to the particular cause of action under consideration. This note is concerned with the section of the general venue statute applicable to corporate defendants and its interaction with the special venue statute for civil actions in patent infringement cases ( patent venue statute ). As a first step in the discussion of venue, it is necessary to go back in history over 200 years. This note reviews the history of venue, both generally and in cases of patent infringement, the historical interactions of these venue statutes, the 1988 amendment to the general venue statute, the interpretation of this amendment by the Federal Circuit, and finally the effects these changes may have in future actions for patent infringement

The 1988 Revision of 28 U.S.C. 1391(C): Corporate Venue Is Now Equivalent to In Personam Jurisdiction Effects on Civil Actions for Patent Infringement

Venue in federal cases is controlled by the general venue statute unless there exists an applicable special venue statute that attaches to the particular cause of action under consideration. This note is concerned with the section of the general venue statute applicable to corporate defendants and its interaction with the special venue statute for civil actions in patent infringement cases ( patent venue statute ). As a first step in the discussion of venue, it is necessary to go back in history over 200 years. This note reviews the history of venue, both generally and in cases of patent infringement, the historical interactions of these venue statutes, the 1988 amendment to the general venue statute, the interpretation of this amendment by the Federal Circuit, and finally the effects these changes may have in future actions for patent infringement

Dispersal in microbes: fungi in indoor air are dominated by outdoor air and show dispersal limitation at short distances.

The indoor microbiome is a complex system that is thought to depend on dispersal from the outdoor biome and the occupants' microbiome combined with selective pressures imposed by the occupants' behaviors and the building itself. We set out to determine the pattern of fungal diversity and composition in indoor air on a local scale and to identify processes behind that pattern. We surveyed airborne fungal assemblages within 1-month time periods at two seasons, with high replication, indoors and outdoors, within and across standardized residences at a university housing facility. Fungal assemblages indoors were diverse and strongly determined by dispersal from outdoors, and no fungal taxa were found as indicators of indoor air. There was a seasonal effect on the fungi found in both indoor and outdoor air, and quantitatively more fungal biomass was detected outdoors than indoors. A strong signal of isolation by distance existed in both outdoor and indoor airborne fungal assemblages, despite the small geographic scale in which this study was undertaken (<500 m). Moreover, room and occupant behavior had no detectable effect on the fungi found in indoor air. These results show that at the local level, outdoor air fungi dominate the patterning of indoor air. More broadly, they provide additional support for the growing evidence that dispersal limitation, even on small geographic scales, is a key process in structuring the often-observed distance-decay biogeographic pattern in microbial communities

Simultaneous laser vibrometry on multiple surfaces with a single beam system using range-resolved interferometry

A novel range-resolved interferometric signal processing technique that uses sinusoidal optical frequency modulation is applied to multi-surface vibrometry, demonstrating simultaneous optical measurements of vibrations on two surfaces using a single, collimated laser beam, with a minimum permissible distance of 3.5 cm between surfaces. The current system, using a cost-effective laser diode and a fibre-coupled, downlead insensitive setup, allows an interferometric fringe rate of up to 180 kHz to be resolved with typical displacement noise levels of 8 pm Hz-0.5. In this paper, the system is applied to vibrometry measurements of a table-top cryostat, with concurrent measurements of the optical widow and the sample holder inside. This allows the separation of common-mode vibrations of the whole cryostat from differential vibrations between the window and the sample holder.EPSR

Farmer Cooperatives: Commercial Farmer Members and Use

Seventy-eight percent of commercial farmers were either members or nonmember patrons of marketing/farm supply cooperatives in 1986 compared with more than 76 percent in 1980. From 1980 to 1986, the percentage of commercial farmers who were members of cooperatives increased from 65 to 66 percent. Nonmember patrons held steady at 12 percent. The biggest change was an increase in percent of members among commercial farmers with sales of $500,000 and over. Members among this group increased from 56 percent in 1980 to 69 percent in 1986. The percentage of commercial farmers with multiple memberships increased and the percentage of farmers with inactive memberships decreased. The percentage using cooperatives for marketing and for purchasing increased. Forty-nine percent used a cooperative for marketing, and 71 percent used a cooperative to purchase farm supplies in 1986. Data for the study were obtained from surveys by the National Agricultural Statistics Service (formerly Statistical Reporting Service), U.S. Department of Agriculture.Farmer cooperatives, marketing cooperatives, farm supply cooperatives, cooperative members, commercial farmer, Agribusiness,

Nuclear Shadowing at Small x and Q^2

Shadowing corrections to structure functions of heavy nuclei are calculated at very low values of Bjorken-$x$ and at values of the momentum transfer relevant to recent experiments. Good agreement is obtained with data from the E665 Collaboration for Xe/D and Pb/D, and with the NMC data on Ca/D and C/D structure function ratios. Corrections to the deuteron structure function are also estimated down to $x \sim 10^{-5}$, and found to be less than about $3\%$ over the range of $x$ covered by the E665 data.Comment: ADP-93-214/T132 (August 1993), accepted for publ. in Phys.Lett.B. typeset using REVTeX, 12 pages, 4 uuencoded figure

The equivalence of fluctuation scale dependence and autocorrelations

We define optimal per-particle fluctuation and correlation measures, relate fluctuations and correlations through an integral equation and show how to invert that equation to obtain precise autocorrelations from fluctuation scale dependence. We test the precision of the inversion with Monte Carlo data and compare autocorrelations to conditional distributions conventionally used to study high-$p_t$ jet structure.Comment: 10 pages, 9 figures, proceedings, MIT workshop on correlations and fluctuations in relativistic nuclear collision

Characterisation of a cryostat using simultaneous, single-beam multiple-surface laser vibrometry

A novel range-resolved interferometric signal processing technique that uses sinusoidal optical frequency modulation is applied to multi-surface vibrometry, demonstrating simultaneous optical measurements of vibrations on two surfaces using a single, collimated laser beam, with a minimum permissible distance of 3.5 cm between surfaces. The current system, using a cost-effective laser diode and a fibre-coupled, downlead insensitive setup, allows an interferometric fringe rate of up to 180 kHz to be resolved with typical displacement noise levels of 8 pm · Hz−0 5. In this paper, the system is applied to vibrometry measurements of a table-top cryostat, with concurrent measurements of the optical widow and the sample holder target inside. This allows the separation of common-mode vibrations of the whole cryostat from differential vibrations between the window and the target, allowing any resonances to be identified