La mosquée au Cameroun : espace public ou espace privé ?

De par sa centralité dans la vie des musulmans, la mosquée n'échappe pas au débat en cours sur l'effervescence religieuse en Afrique subsaharienne. Au Cameroun, sa définition pose problème et engendre de nombreuses controverses aussi bien dans la communauté musulmane qu'au sein des instances dirigeantes étatiques. Pour les musulmans, la mosquée est un espace privé dédié au culte et au recueillement. Par conséquent, toute tentative de réglementation relèverait d'une intrusion coupable, voire d'une provocation délibérée à laquelle il serait licite de répondre par des moyens appropriés. Du côté des autorités administratives en revanche, la mosquée est un espace public qu’il convient de réglementer en codifiant son administration. L'objet de cet article est de revenir sur la compréhension que les uns et les autres se font de la définition d'une mosquée et sur la dynamique de cet espace si particulier dans la vie du musulman. La prolifération des mosquées et l'absence de toute réglementation en la matière sont autant de facteurs de complexification qui entretiennent l'ambigüité quant à l'identification et à l'administration de cet espace musulman

Can Desarda Technique Repair all Adult Inguinal Hernia?

Objectives: This paper focuses on reporting the results of the daily use of the Desarda technique for the treatment of adult inguinal hernias without selection of patients at national hospital of Niamey. Patients and Method: This was a prospective and descriptive study from December 2012 to August 2014. It included 76 patients aged over 15 years who underwent inguinal hernia repair by Desarda technique without any selection. The variables studied include the type of inguinal hernia, the Nyhus class of inguinal hernia, the operating time, the postoperative pain, and the hernia recurrences. Results: There were 74 men and 2 women. The average age of the patients was 43.6 years [± 17.6]. Inguinal hernia was found in 57.9% of patients. There were 76.31% simple hernias, 15.80% recurrent hernias, 2.63% intractable hernias by loss of domain, and 5.26% strangulated hernias. 90.79% of the patients were operated under spinal anesthesia. The most frequent types of inguinal hernia were Nyhus type 2 found in 35.52% of patients, followed by Nyhus type 3b found in 30.26% of patients. The mean operative time was 46.67 [± 11.5] minutes. The immediate operative follow-up was marked by the occurrence of a hematoma of the scrotum in two patients. There was no recurrence of chronic postoperative pain after a median follow up of 40 months. Conclusion: The Desarda technique could be a good alternative for the cure of all inguinal hernias of adults

Composition and dynamic of benthic macroinvertebrates community in semi-arid area rivers of Burkina Faso (West Africa)

The benthic macroinvertebrates communities dynamic were investigated in rivers from Burkina Faso in the purpose to analyze the taxonomic composition, the structure of benthic macroinvertebrates community and the composite environmental variables that correspond to the major distribution patterns of this community. The results showed that a total of 132 taxa was recorded and the large majority of these (103 taxa) belonged to 57 families from 8 orders of insects that represent 95% of relative abundance. We also observed some distinct differences relative to the spatial and temporal variation in the taxonomic composition. The canonical correspondance analysis (CCA) revealed a strong correlationship between Chironomidae, Syrphidae, Culicidae, Psychodidae, as well as the Pulmonates molluscs and organic nutriments feeding dynamics. These findings showed the sensitivity of benthic macroinvertebrates at different level: sensitivity which could be attributable to man-induced activities.© 2016 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved.Keywords: Benthic macroinvertebrates, enviromental variables, dynamic, Burkina Fas

Caractérisation des systèmes de production à base de riz pluvial strict dans les exploitations agricoles de la zone Sud-soudanienne du Burkina Faso

Au Burkina Faso, le riz occupe la 4ème place des céréales tant du point de vue des superficies, de la production que de la consommation annuelle par habitant.  Cependant, la production nationale est faible et ne couvre que 47% des besoins des populations. Au Burkina trois, types de rizicultures se côtoient ; la riziculture pluviale ; la riziculture de bas-fond et la riziculture irriguée. La riziculture pluviale  offre un fort potentiel mais est mal maîtrisée avec de faibles rendements. Cette étude a été conduite sous forme d’enquête auprès de 157 producteurs afin  d’identifier les potentiels et les contraintes de la riziculture pluviale dans la zone  Ouest du Burkina. Les résultats montrent une récente introduction de la riziculture pluviale dans la zone. La superficie individuelle moyenne est de 0,81 ha. Les  rendements moyens sont d’environ 1075 kg/ha. Les quantités d’engrais par hectare sont faibles et sont en moyenne de 44,5 kg pour l’azote, 25,5 kg pour le phosphore et 15,5 kg pour le potassium. Le riz pluvial est cultivé en pure sans rotation régulière. La faible maîtrise de l’itinéraire technique de production nécessite une formation des producteurs pour accroître les rendements et booster la production du riz pluvial.© 2015 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved.Mots clés : Riz pluvial, rendement, enquêtes, itinéraire technique

Effet des précédents culturaux et de différents niveaux d’azote sur la productivité du riz pluvial strict sur sols ferrugineux tropicaux de la zone sudsoudanienne du Burkina Faso

L’azote constitue un élément essentiel dans la nutrition minérale du riz. Au Burkina Faso, le riz pluvial entre de plus en plus dans les assolements. Cependant, le  rendement du riz pluvial reste largement en deçà du potentiel des variétés. Afin de contribuer à une meilleure connaissance de la nutrition minérale du riz pluvial, un dispositif expérimental en split plot a été mis en place en station de recherche de Farako-Bâ en 2013 et 2014 pour évaluer l’effet des rotations et de la fertilisation azotée sur le rendement. Les résultats montrent que les meilleurs précédents du riz pluvial sont les légumineuses niébé et arachide. Ces deux précédents permettent un gain de rendements respectivement de 104% et 92% par rapport à la  monoculture du riz. La dose de 90 kg N/ha a permis d’obtenir le rendement paddy le plus élevé soit une augmentation de 395% par rapport à la dose sans apport d’azote 0 kg N/ha et le poids de 1000 grains le plus élevé. Cependant la dose agronomique la plus efficace quel que soit le précédent cultural est de 60 kg N/ha. Les rotations et les doses d’azote ont un effet sur l’augmentation des rendements du riz paddy en culture pluviale.© 2015 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved.Mots clés: Riz pluvial, rotations, azote, légumineuses, Burkina Faso. Effect of previous crops and different nitrogen levels on the productivity of upland  rice on ferruginous tropical soils of the South Sudan region of  Burkina FasoNitrogen is an essential element in the mineral nutrition of rice. In Burkina Faso, more and more, upland rice enters in the crop rotation. However, the yield of upland rice remains under the potential of varieties. To contribute to a better understanding of the mineral nutrition of upland rice, an experimental split plot was tested in Farako-Bâ research station in 2013 and 2014. This was to evaluate the effect of crop rotations and the effect of nitrogen fertilization on yield of upland rice. The results show that the best previous crops of upland rice are legumes, cowpea and peanut. Both previous crops allow a gain of respectively 104% and 92% of yields compared to rice monoculture. The dose of 90 kg N/ha permitted to have highest paddy yield and an increase of 395% compared to the dose without nitrogen 0 kg N/ha and the highest weight of 1000 grains. However, the most effective agronomic dose regardless of the previous crop is obtained with the dose of 60 kg N/ha. Crops rotation and nitrogen level have an effect on upland rice yield.© 2015 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved.Keywords: Upland rice, rotations, nitrogen, legumes, Burkina Faso

Les Occlusions Intestinales Par Nœud Ileo-Sigmoïdien : Aspects Diagnostiques, Thérapeutiques Et Pronostiques

Introduction: Ileosigmoid knot (ISK), also known as compound volvulus or double volvulus, is a rare disease and affects mostly male subjects in their fourth decade. Delayed diagnosis often leads to complications with a high incidence of digestive necrosis. Materials and methods: This was a 10-year retrospective, descriptive and analytical study from 1 January 2007 to 31 December 2016, which covered all patients operated emergently for ISK in the surgical and surgical specialty departments at the Niamey National Hospital (NNH). Results: The series involved 8 cases of ISK, representing 0.82% of intestinal obstructions. There were 7 men and 1 woman. The average age of patients was 44.33 years with extremes ranging from 25 to 60 years. The main clinical signs were: abdominal pain (100%), inability to pass gas and stool (100%), vomiting (87.5%) and abdominal meteorism (87.5%). Four patients (50%) had a clear obstructive syndrome and the other 4 patients (50%) had associated signs of peritoneal irritation. Paraclinical diagnosis was difficult because of atypical clinico-radiological signs, but in all cases an abdominal x-ray was performed and showed a double loop of dilated sigmoid shadow in 87.5% of the cases. Laparotomy was the first approach used in all patients and led to a 50% necrosis rate. Hartmann’s colectomy and ideal colectomy were used in identical proportions, with 50% each. Ideal colectomy was characterized by a morbidity rate of 50% and a mortality rate of 25% compared to 0% for Hartmann’s procedure. The overall morbidity was 25% and the overall mortality was 12.5%. The average hospital stay was 65.87 days (range 17 to 128 days). The average time before reestablishment of digestive continuity was 50.37 days (range 31-128 days). Conclusion: Ileosigmoid knot is a rare condition at Niamey national hospital where the diagnostic approach is similar to that of occlusions in general, but remains difficult due to its uncommonness and atypical clinico-radiological signs. Necrosis rates and postoperative complications remain high

Suivi spatiotemporel de l’érosivité des pluies au Maroc à l’aide des données satellitaires libres

This study aims particularly to overcome the lack of rainfall measurements and to demonstrate the usefulness of open satellite data rainfall-erosivity estimation in Morocco. For this purpose, a short time series of two satellite products, namely CHIRPS (Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Station data) and TRMM (Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission). were used and correlated to in-situ measurements of a period of 17 years (2000- 2016). This analysis revealed a relatively better correlation between monthly CHIRPS product and in-situ measurements. the coefficient of determination is arround 0.81. After its calibration using regression equations, this product were used to estimate the rainfall-erosivity over Morocco according to Renard and Freimund equation. The result showed a geographical disparity and an annually weak evolution of erosivity. Likewise, the study pointed out a significant difference in the estimated erosivity across seasons. This imply a reduction of 3% in summer and 15% in spring and a remarkable increase of 33% in autumn and 39% in winter. The prominent change of the seasonality of rainfall erosivity is very significant in the course of agricultural practices’ evolution and the adoption of adequate measures of soil protection. Keywords: Erosion, erosivity, rainfall, modelling, CHIRPS, TRMM, MoroccoLa présente étude a pour objectif principal de répondre à un besoin pressant des données pluviométriques à l’aide des données satellitaires libres et par conséquent, faciliter les prises de décision pour les gestionnaires des ressources naturelles. Par le biais des séries chronologiques couvrant la période 2000 - 2016, le suivi spatiotemporel de l’érosivité des pluies a été étudié. Les produits satellitaires CHIRPS (Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Station data) et TRMM (Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission) ont été choisis pour suivre l’évolution de l’érosivité des pluies. Les études de corrélations effectuées entre les données satellitaires et les données pluviométriques mesurées ont montré que les données CHIRPS sont les mieux corrélées. La validation de ces résultats a donné un coefficient de détermination de 0,81. Les données retenues ont été ensuite calibrées avec une équation de régression. Le choix de la formule de Renard et Freimund comme modèle de calcul du facteur d’érosivité a montré une forte disparité géographique et une faible évolution de l’érosivité à l’échelle annuelle. De même, elle fait ressortir une très forte évolution de celle-ci selon les saisons avec une diminution de 3% en été et de 24% au printemps et une augmentation marquée de celle-ci pendant l’automne (33%) et l’hiver (39%). Le changement prononcé de la saisonnalité de l’érosivité des pluies est très déterminant dans l’orientation de l’évolution des pratiques agricoles et le choix des mesures adéquates de protection des sols. Mots-clés : érosion, érosivité, précipitation, modélisation, CHIRPS, TRMM, Maro

Cholécystectomies Laparoscopiques Pour Cholécystite Aigue Lithiasique Versus Lithiase Vésiculaire Symptomatique

Introduction: The aim of this work was to highlight the therapeutic and prognostic difficulties between a laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute gallstone cholecystitis (CAL) and uncomplicated symptomatic vesicular lithiasis (LVS) as well as the reasons for conversion to laparotomy. Patients and Methods: This was a prospective comparative and analytic study over 18 months. Patients admitted and operated for CAL or LVS in the A Surgery Department of the National Hospital of Niamey (HNN) were included. Results: The study involved 61 patients divided into two groups. Group 1 (30 patients) corresponding to patients operated for CAL, group 2 (31 patients) corresponding to patients operated for LVS. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy accounted for 61% of all cholecystectomies performed and 1.45% of surgical activity during the same period. The average age in group 1 was 43.7 years with extremes of 14 and 61 years. In group 2, the average age was 38.9 years with extremes ranging from 12 to 55 years. Women were predominantly represented with 63.3% and 96.7% respectively for groups 1 and 2. Patients were overweight in 9 cases for group 1 (30% of cases) and 12 cases in group 2 (38%), 7% of cases). Hepatic colic was the main sign of appeal in all patients in both groups. In group 1; 26 out of 30 cases or 86.7% of cases had leukocytosis, whereas in group 2, leukocytosis was normal in 30 cases, ie 96.8% of cases. Accessibility of the vesicle was difficult in 73.3% of cases in group 1 against 22.6% of cases in group 2. The vesicle was distended and necrotic in groups 1 in 76.7% and 10 respectively. % of cases. On the other hand, in 25.8% of cases, the vesicle was distended and without any necrosis in group 2. The rate of conversion to laparotomy was 6.55% (4 cases) and exclusively concerned group 1. Operative follow-up immediate outcomes were simple in 98.34% of cases. The complications involved 2 patients in group 1 (1.66% of the total), including parietal suppuration and biliary leakage. Mean operative time was 68.7 min in group 1 versus 41.6 min in group 2. Mean duration of hospitalization was 4.3 days with extremes between 2 and 10 days in group 1 versus1,7 days with extremes ranging from 1 to 7 days in group 2. Mortality was zero. Conclusion: In recent years, laparoscopic surgery has made remarkable progress in Niger. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy seems to be more difficult to perform with significant morbidity in the case of CAL than LVS. The risk of per and postoperative complications can be estimated from the clinical data (acute cholecystitis or symptomatic vesicular lithiasis) and the surgeon's experience. In a cholecystectomy that lasts more than 2 hours, the cumulative risk of complications is highe