Comparison of supercritical fluid and hexane extraction methods in extracting kenaf (hibiscus cannabinus) seed oil lipids.

The objective of this study was to investigate and compare fatty acids, tocopherols and sterols of kenaf seed oil extracted by supercritical carbon dioxide and traditional solvent methods. Fatty acids, tocopherols and sterols were determined in the extracted oils as functions of the pressure (400 bar, 600 bar), temperature (40 °C, 80 °C) and CO2 flow rate (25 g/min) using a 1-L extraction vessel. Gas chromatography was used to characterize fatty acids and sterols of the obtained oils while tocopherols were quantified by HPLC. No differences were found in the fatty acid compositions of the various oil extracts and the main components were found to be linoleic (38%), oleic (35%), palmitic (20%) and stearic acid (3%). Extraction of tocopherols using high pressure (600 bar/40 °C, 600 bar/80 °C) gave higher total tocopherols (88.20 and 85.57 mg/100 g oil, respectively) when compared with hexane extraction which gave yield of 62.38 mg/100 g oil. Extraction of kenaf seed oil using supercritical fluid extraction at high temperature (80 °C) gave higher amounts of sterols when compared with hexane extraction

Preparation and characterisation of protein concentrates from defatted kenaf seed.

Two kenaf varieties QP3 and V36 were used to obtain protein concentrates. Proximate analysis, foaming, water and oil absorption properties were studied. Significant (P<0.05) differences were observed among the two varieties only in their content in oil and carbohydrates. The protein concentrate yield was 13.04% and 10.56%, respectively. The two varieties showed significantly different (P<0.05) water and oil absorption capacities. QP3 showed higher foaming capacity than did V38, and it was increased with increasing salt and sugar concentration. Albumin was the main fraction representing 59.6% and 66.1% in QP3 and V36 varieties, respectively, followed by globulin, which represented 22.6% and 19.1%, respectively. The ratios of albumin, globulin, glutelin and prolamin were significantly different. Based on the data obtained from sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the main kenaf seed proteins present in the concentrates were five proteins with molecular weights ranging from 10 to 66. kDa. From differential scanning calorimetry data, QP3 and V36 protein concentrates had similar denaturation temperatures (82.6 and 81.8°C, respectively)

Monechma ciliatum methanolic extract regulates low density lipoprotein receptor and 3-hydroxy-3- methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase genes expression in HepG2 cells

Monechma ciliatum methanolic extract (MCME) obtained from Monechma ciliatum seedcake showed high total phenolic compounds with high antioxidant activity. The regulatory effects of MCME at 10, 20 and 50 μg/ml on low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR) were investigated in human HepG2 cell line using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. LDLR mRNA level was increased significantly by 1.4, 2.6 and 4.3 fold in MCME treated cells at 10, 20 and 50, respectively, compared to untreated cells. Whereas, HMGCR mRNA level was decreased significantly by 38, 63 and 80% in MCME treated cells at 10, 20 and 50, respectively, compared to untreated cells. The effect of MCME was concentration dependent, and different doses showed significant differences in regulation of both LDLR and HMGCR genes. The present study showed that MCME effectively regulated the expression of LDLR and HMGCR genes influencing the cholesterol metabolism in HepG2 cells.Keywords: Antioxidant activity, ß-carotene-linoleic acid assay, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), gene expression, low density lipoprotein receptor, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase, Monechma ciliatum.African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 9(36), pp. 5813-5819, 6 September, 201

Antioxidant activities of phenolic rich fractions (PRFs) obtained from black mahlab (Monechma ciliatum) and white mahlab (Prunus mahaleb) seedcakes

The antioxidant activities of phenolic rich fractions (PRFs) from crude methanolic extract (CME), and its fractions using ethyl acetate (EAF), hexane (HF) and water (WF) of black mahlab (Monechma ciliatum) and white mahlab (Prunus mahaleb) seedcakes were investigated. The total phenolic compounds were found to be higher in white mahlab than black mahlab seedcakes. The antioxidant activity determined by the DPPH method revealed that black mahlab PRFs had the highest antioxidant activity, compared to white mahlab fractions. The presence of antioxidants in the two mahlab PRFs reduced the oxidation of β-carotene by hydroperoxides from these extracts/fractions. The effect of the two mahlab PRFs on the oxidative stability of corn oil at 70 °C was tested in the dark and compared with butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA). The CME performed better antioxidant activity in inhibiting the formation of both primary and secondary oxidation products. The qualitative and quantitative characterisation of phenolic compounds was carried out by HPLC/DAD

Fatty acid composition and antioxidant activity of oils from two cultivars of Cantaloupe extracted by supercritical fluid extraction

The effect of supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) fractionation of three oil fractions (1st, 2nd, 3rd fraction) on the fatty acid composition and antioxidant activity of oils from two cultivars of cantaloupe were investigated. Rock melon oil (RMO) and Golden Langkawi oil (GLO) were extracted using SFE and the major fatty acids for both cultivars were linoleic, oleic, palmitic, and stearic acid. The SFA decreased from 15.78 to 14.14% in RMO 1st fraction, and MUFA decreased from 18.30 to 16.56% in RMO 2nd fraction, while PUFA increased from 65.9 to 69.30% in RMO 3rd fraction. On the other hand SFA decreased from 16.35 to 13.91% in GLO 1st fraction, and MUFA decreased from 17.50 to 15.57% in GLO 2nd fraction, while PUFA increased from 66.15 to 70.52% in GLO 3rd fraction. The different fractions of the two oils showed high antioxidant activity in reducing the oxidation of pi-carotene in beta-carotene bleaching assay (BCB) and the quenching of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)

Antioxidant activity and phenolic content of phenolic rich fractions obtained from black cumin (Nigella sativa) seedcake.

The antioxidant activities of crude methanolic extract (CME) and its fractions using ethyl acetate (EAF), hexane (HF) and water (WF) of black cumin seedcake were investigated. DPPH radical scavenging activity, β-carotene-linoleate bleaching, and inhibition of corn oil oxidation were used to evaluate the antioxidant capacity. The total phenolics were found to be 78.8, 27.8, 32.1 and 12.1 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g in EAF, CME, WF and HF, respectively. The CME and EAF exhibited the highest DPPH followed by WF and HF. The extract/fractions showed high effect on reducing the oxidation of β-carotene. The effect of extract/fractions on the oxidative stability of corn oil at 70 °C was tested in the dark and compared with butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA). The oil peroxide and anisidine values were generally lower with addition of PRFs in comparison to a control. The predominant phenolic compounds identified by HPLC-DAD in CME and WF of black cumin seedcake were hydroxybenzoic, syringic and p-cumaric acids

Unconventional oilseeds and oil sources

Unconventional Oilseeds and New Oil Sources: Chemistry and Analysis is presented in three parts, with each section dedicated to different types of oil sources. Part One deals with plants (vegetable, herbs, shrubs), such as Hibiscus, Mexican Poppy, Cucumber, Squashes, Sesame, etc. Part Two presents unconventional oils found in trees (like Balanites aegyptiaca, Annona squamosal and Catunaregam nilotica), and Part Three deals with new oils found in insects, as in the water melon bug and sorghum bug. This book will be of interest to researchers in oilseed production, research and development personnel, food scientists, plant breeders, product development personnel, and government agency personnel involved in the production, transportation, distribution, and processing of oilseeds

Phenolic content and antioxidant activity of cantaloupe (cucumis melo) methanolic extracts.

The objectives of this study were to determine phenolic content and antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts from different parts of cantaloupe (leaf, stem, skin, seed and flesh). The flesh extract afforded the highest yield (89.6 ± 0.3%) whilst the lowest yield was obtained from the seed (13.7 ± 0.5%) (p < 0.05). The leaf extract showed the highest total phenolic content (26.4 ± 0.3 mg GAE/g extract) and total flavonoid content (69.7 ± 3.37 μg RE/g extract) accompanied with best antioxidant activity through all antioxidant assays (p < 0.05). In addition, the stem extract also exhibited good antioxidant activity. Thus, these results suggest that methanolic extracts of cantaloupe leaf and stem may serve as a potential source of natural antioxidant for food and nutraceutical application

Physicochemical and microbial attributes of organic infused beef cuts (longissmus dorsi)

This study was carried out to determine the effect of infusing food grade organic acids on the shelf life of fresh beef kept at refrigeration temperature of 5C. Citric, lactic, acetic and tartaric acids were infused individually in concentrations of 0.5, 0.75 and 1.00% into fresh beef slices. Infusion was carried out under pulled of 29.5 in. Hg. for 20 min. Samples were dropped dried and stored at 5C for 28 days. pH, water activity, total plate count (TPC), thiobarbaturic acid values, Hunter color values and instrumental texture were determined. The pH value of the treated samples dropped from the initial pH of 5.30 (untreated) to 4.20–4.47 and the TPC values were lower than 107 colony-forming units/g on day 16, 20 and 28 in samples treated with 0.5, 0.75 and 1.00% acids, respectively. The instrumental texture of the treated samples was harder upon treatment, which decreased gradually during storage period. The maximum shelf life of treated beef was extended to 12–24 days and citric acid in concentration of 1.00% gave the best effect

DJELOVANJE UMJETNIH GNOJIVA NA KEMIJSKU ANALIZU I SASTAV AMINOKISELINA I MASNIH KISELINA SUDANSKOG GENOTIPA SOJE

The impact of fertilizer on chemical analysis, amino acid and fatty acid composition of soybean (Glycine max L merril) Sudanese local genotype was studied. A field experiment was conducted for two consecutive seasons (2009-2010 and 2010-2011) on the demonstration farm of the College of Agricultural studies, Sudan University of Science and Technology at Shambat. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with four replicates. The fertilizer treatments consisted of three types: Urea (180 kg/ha), NP (361kg/ha), compost (1904.76 kg/ha) and then control. The results showed that fertilizer treatments had no significant difference in proximate analysis of soybean seeds except in fibber. In fatty acid, control and nitrogen treatments gave the highest percentage of palmitic acid. NP and compost gave highest effect in linoleic acid and compost gave highest effect in polyunsaturated fatty acids. As general compost treatment gave the lowest effect in all amino acids and the highest effect in minerals. Control gave the highest effect in all amino acids. The application of nitrogen, NP and compost fertilizers for soybean significantly increased number of seeds/plant, weight of seedsplant and seeds yield. The results also showed that urea fertilizer increased protein and ash content, while NP increased oil and carbohydrate contents. Compost increased all the minerals, but there was no effect on fatty and amino acid composition.Istraživano je djelovanje umjetnog gnojiva na kemijsku analizu, sastav amino kiselina i masnih kiselina soje (Glycine max L.merril) lokalnog sudanskog genotipa. Proveden je terenski pokus tijekom dvije uzastopne sezone (2009. – 2010. i 2010. -2011.) na oglednoj farmi Visoke poljoprivredne škole Sudanskog Sveučilišta znanosti i tehnologije u Shambatu. Pokus je postavljen u slučajnom potpunom bloku u četiri ponavljanja. Tretmani s umjetnim gnojivom sastojali su se od tri tipa: Urea (180 kg/ha), NP (361 kg/ha) i kompost (1904,76 kg/ha) te kontrola. Rezultati su pokazali da se tretiranje umjetnim gnojivom nije značajno razlikovalo u neposrednoj analizi sjemena soje osim u vlaknu. U masnoj kiselini, kontroli i tretmanu s dušikom dobiven je najviši postotak palminske kiseline. NP i kompost imali su najveći učinak u polunezasićenim masnim kiselinama. Općenito, tretman s kompostom imao je najslabiji učinak u svim aminokiselinama, a najviši učinak u mineralima. Kontrola je pokazala najviši učinak u svim aminokiselinama. Primjena dušika, NP i komposta značajno je povećala broj sjemenki po biljci, težinu sjemenki po biljci i prinos sjemena. Rezultati su također pokazali da je urea kao gnojivo povećala sadržaj dušika i pepela dok je NP povećao sadržaj ulja i ugljikohidrata. Kompost je povećao sve minerale ali nije djelovao na sastav amino i masnih kiselina