A Compact Gamma Ray and X-Ray Detector for Cube Satellites

Cosmic radiation continues to be a constant threat to any prolonged space mission. Harboring biological or non-biological payloads aboard a spacecraft traveling in space, cosmic radiation showers ionizing particles such as gamma and x-ray particles from our neighboring stars in our solar system and galaxy clusters. These ionizing particles create extensive issues for extended space missions such as traveling to Mars due to their degrading radiation effects on the human body and spacecraft electronics. Although precise instruments give more accurate results, they are presented as expensive, bulky, and heavy for space missions. This paper presents the background, capabilities, and opportunity of a small, low-cost particle detector aimed to (1) measure directional originating sources of the formation of cosmic radiation (2) narrow and establish a gamma and x-ray radiation shielding material used to protect spacecraft electronics, and (3) offer an open-source economical and educational solution used to inform and educate the populace on cosmic radiation activities. This paper is intended for the use and operation in small cube satellites operating within the PC-104 form factor architecture; but can be rearranged for specific intended use

Nurses' perceptions of aids and obstacles to the provision of optimal end of life care in ICU

Contains fulltext : 172380.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access