Penilaian keberaliran hidraulik untuk makroliang buatan melalui kaedah wooding dan penyelesaian songsang

The present study was carried out to investigate artificial macropore as an alternative structural measure to reduce surface runoff. Disturbed soils were sampled to determine soil texture and conduct soil column experiment. Initial water content, saturated hydraulic conductivity, residual water content, dry bulk density, and organic matter contents were measured from undisturbed soil samples. Field infiltration was measured by using tension disc infiltrometer with three different pressure heads i.e. -5, -2, and 0 cm H2O. Wooding's solution was then used to estimate unsaturated hydraulic parameters. The result of Wooding’s solution was then used as initial estimates of optimized van Genuchten-Mualem hydraulic parameters by inverse solution using cumulative infiltration data. Soil column experiment, 20 cm in diameter and 20 cm in height, was carried out to investigate water flow in the soil with an artificial macropore for sandy clay loam and loam soil. HYDRUS 2D/3D was employed to design an artificial macropore and to simulate the water flow. Determination coefficients (R2) for cumulative infiltration from observation and simulation are found to be 0.98-0.99. In addition, R2 for drainage from observation and simulation are in the order of 0.99. Increasing macropore diameters (0, 5, 8 and 10 cm) for the both soil textures were found to increase total drainage and cumulative infiltration. Increasing macropore lengths (0, 10, 20 and 10 cm) for the both soil texture were found to increase total drainage and cumulative infiltration. Increasing initial water contents (12%, 20% and 25%) for the sandy clay loam and loam soil (15%, 20% and 25%) were found to increase total drainage but to decrease the cumulative infiltration. Artificial macropore in sandy clay loam and loam soil proved to infiltrate much water compared without macropore. The study on hydraulic conductivity using Wooding and inverse solutions succesfully revealed that an artificial macropore has the potential to be an alternative structural measure to reduce surface runoff

A review of silver nanoparticles in food packaging technologies: Regulation, methods, properties, migration, and future challenges

The development of antimicrobial food packaging is needed for food preservation and quality maintenance. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been widely used as an antimicrobial agent in food packaging technologies. However, the risks associated with their potential migration into foods are a major concern. This paper comprehensively reviews the use of AgNPs in food packaging technologies. The application of AgNPs in food packaging technologies has been regulated by the United States Food and Drug Administration and the European Food Safety Authority. The addition of AgNPs into food packaging can improve their barrier, mechanical, and antibacterial properties, as well as maintain the quality of foods. Migration of AgNPs from food packaging into foods is still a concern as it has implications for human health associated with their toxicity properties. A study on the toxicological properties of AgNPs released from food packaging needs to be carried out intensively to ensure their safety before being widely implemented. Moreover, comprehensive economic evaluation to implement AgNPs in food packaging is needed as such a study is missing in the literature

Driyorejo Market Analysis Based on Environmental Health Principles and Supporting Infrastructure

The market is a place for public to meet and the occurrence of relationships between individuals, in the market there are various kinds of buying and selling transaction activities and it is also a meeting place for many people so it is very vulnerable to the transmission of various diseases. The Driyorejo Market which is located in the Driyorejo District area is not included in the category of healthy markets that have market sanitation that meets health standards. Purpose of this study aims to describe the level of sanitation at the Driyorejo market in 2022. This research is a quantitative study conducted on March 21, 2022. The focus of the variables studied are location, market building, sanitation, sanitation management, community empowerment and behavior clean and healthy living, security and supporting facilities by utilizing market sanitation inspection instruments. The research results show that 2022 Driyorejo Market Sanitation does not meet the requirements. Driyorejo market sanitation does not meet the health standard requirements of healthy market sanitation.

Role of anaerobic sludge digestion in handling antibiotic resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes - A review

Currently, anaerobic sludge digestion (ASD) is considered not only for treating residual sewage sludge and energy recovery but also for the reduction of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). The current review highlights the reasons why antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and ARGs exist in ASD and how ASD performs in the reduction of ARB and ARGs. ARGs and ARB have been detected in ASD with some reports indicating some of the ARGs can be completely removed during the ASD process, while other studies reported the enrichment of ARB and ARGs after ASD. This paper reviews the performance of ASD based on operational parameters as well as environmental chemistry. More studies are needed to improve the performance of ASD in reducing ARGs that are difficult to handle and also differentiate between extracellular (eARGs) and intracellular ARGs (iARGs) to achieve more accurate quantification of the ARGs

A review of rainwater harvesting in Malaysia: Prospects and challenges

The mismatch between freshwater demand and its availability is a major problem that causes global water scarcity. The exploration and utilization of rainwater seem to be viable options for minimizing the aforementioned issue. This manuscript reviews the prospects and challenges of the rainwater harvesting system (RWHS) in Malaysia. Malaysia can be categorized as a country that has high annual rainfall, as well as high domestic water consumption. Thus, Malaysia is well positioned to harvest rainwater for both potable and non-potable uses. Although the RWH guidelines were issued in Malaysia in 1999, the implementation of RWHS as an alternative water resource is still very limited due to its long return on investment and poor public acceptance. Major future challenges on the implementation of RWHS in Malaysia are to achieve competitive cost, the wide application of commercial buildings, a cost effective treatment system, effective policy implementation, the application of green materials, public perception improvement, and reliable first flush technology. Some recommendations such as providing appropriate subsidies and limiting the use of piped water are necessary for implementing RWHS at wider scales

Evaluasi Kinerja dan Ekonomi dari Instalasi Pengolahan Air Limbah di Puskesmas

Salah satu pencemaran lingkungan berasal dari air limbah Puskemas. Air limbah yang dihasilkan Puskesmas secara umum terdapat banyak mikroorganisme, senyawa pathogen, bahan kimia berbahaya serta beracun yang dapat menyebabkan pencemaran lingkungan yang dapat menularkan berbagai penyakit. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengevaluasi kinerja dan ‎ekonomi dari IPAL di Puskesmas.‎ Metode penelitian dengan deskriptif kuantitatif yaitu kinerja IPAL dalam mereduksi air limbah sesuai baku mutu, dan ekonomi dari ‎biaya yang dikeluarkan IPAL dalam 10 tahun kedepan. Data uji limbah dalam rentang tahun 2018-2019. Hasil penelitian yaitu kinerja IPAL termasuk kategori ‎yang memenuhi syarat. Hasil ekonomi, pada nilai min mendapatkan kerugian ‎dengan tidak balik modal, hasil nilai med mendapatkan keuntungan ‎dan balik modal pada tahun ke-4 serta nilai max mendapatkan ‎keuntungan dan balik modal pada tahun ke-2. Simpulan penelitian, terdapat 3 parameter yang tidak memenuhi syarat Peraturan Gubernur Jawa Timur Nomor 72 Tahun ‎‎2013 Tentang Baku Mutu Air Limbah Bagi Usaha Dan/Atau Kegiatan Rumah ‎Sakit. Nilai ekonomi menunjukkan adanya kerugian dan keuntungan pada setiap kategori. Saran untuk Puskesmas, terus meningkatkan kualitas effluent limbah cair agar dapat memperoleh hasil ‎air limbah yang sesuai

Pengaruh Karakteristik Masyarakat dan Fasilitas Pembuangan Sampah dengan Pengolahan Sampah di Perkotaan dan Pedesaan

Sampah menjadi permasalahan yang paling penting di masyarakat terutama di perkotaan dan pedesaan. Faktor yang menyebabkan terjadinya masalah sampah semakin rumit adalah pendidikan, jarak, dan ketersediann sarana. Salah satu bentuk untuk mengurangi sampah adalah pengolahan sampah. Tujuan umum dari penelitian ini untuk menganalisis pengaruh karakteristik masyarakat dan fasilitas pembuangan sampah dengan pengolahan sampah di perkotaan dan pedesaan. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif analitik menggunakan pendekatan cross sectional. Besar sampel sebanyak 155 responden. Pengambilan sampel secara sistematis random sampling. Variabel pada penelitian ini yaitu Karakteristik masyarakat dari segi lama belajar, fasilitas pembuangan sampah dan pengolahan sampah. Data primer diperoleh melalui lembar kuesioner responden. Analisis data menggunakan uji regresi logistik multinomial. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan karakteristik masyarakat dengan pengolahan sampah di perkotaan dan pedesaan tidak ada pengaruh yang signifikan dengan nilai p value sebesar 0,690 di perkotaan dan nilai p value sebesar 0,232 di pedesaan. Sedangkan fasilitas pembuangan sampah dengan pengolahan sampah di perkotaan dan pedesan tidak ada pengaruh yang signifikan dengan nilai p value sebesar 0,159 di perkotaan dan nilai p value sebesar 0,24 di pedesaan. Simpulan penelitian ini adalah tidak ada pengaruh yang signifikan pengaruh karakteristik masyarakat dan fasilitas pembuangan sampah dengan pengolahan sampah di perkotaan dan pedesaan

Gambaran Pengelolaan Limbah Medis Padat di Puskesmas

Kegiatan Puskesmas selalu menghasilkan limbah medis yang berpotensi menimbulkan risiko bagi pekerja. Di Puskesmas Taman, pengelolaan limbah padat medis belum tertangani dengan baik, sehingga potensi bahaya masih dapat terjadi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui gambaran Puskesmas Taman Sidoarjo dalam pengelolaan sampah medis padat. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif. Proses pengumpulan limbah medis padat menggunakan kantong plastik kuning dan safety box. Gunakan troli tertutup, anti bocor, dan anti karat untuk transportasi internal setiap 1-2 kali sehari, kemudian bawa ke tempat pembuangan sementara milik Puskesmas. Pengelolaan akhir dilakukan dengan bekerjasama dengan pihak ketiga. Sebagai hasil dari penelitian ini, pengelolaan limbah medis padat Puskesmas Taman digambarkan telah dilakukan sesuai dengan Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 2 Menteri Kesehatan. Peraturan No. 18 Tahun 2020 tentang Pengelolaan Sampah Medis di Instansi Kesehatan Daerah. Simpulan dari penelitian ini adalah pengelolaan limbah medis padat Puskesmas Taman Sidoarjo masih perlu ditingkatkan dari segi sistem reduksi dan klasifikasi, transportasi internal, penyimpanan sementara dan pengolahan pihak kedua, sehingga dapat lebih baik lagi

Toxicology properties of commercial anti-mosquitos and their effects on carboxyhemoglobin and malondialdehyde levels

Exposure of carbon monoxide (CO) released by insect repellent has a negative impact on health by forming carboxyhemoglobin (CO-Hb) as a trigger for oxidative stress in the human body. Therefore, the objective of the study was to investigate the effect of commercial anti-mosquitos on CO-Hb and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the blood. Effect of electric spray, coils, and electric mats on CO-Hb and MDA levels in blood was evaluated using male Wistar rats (8 h per day) and monitored for 20 days. The study found that the highest increase in CO-Hb and CO-Hb levels in the blood was observed when exposed to electric spray formula compared to other anti-mosquitos. In addition, the highest increase in MDA levels also occurred when exposed to the electric spray. Statistical analysis revealed that there was a significant relationship between CO-Hb and MDA levels in the blood (p-value = 0.000). High CO-Hb levels in the blood could stimulate oxidative stress and lead to cell damage in the body

Analisis Perilaku Masyarakat dan Sanitasi Lingkungan dengan Kejadian Penyakit Demam Berdarah Dengue

Latar belakang: Penyakit Demam Berdarah Dengue merupakan penyakit yang ditularkan oleh nyamuk Aedes aegypti. Penyakit DBD menjadi masalah kesehatan dikarenakan penyebarannya cepat, sehingga jumlah penderitanya cenderung meningkat dan dapat menyebabkan kematian. Menurut data dan informasi Profil Kesehatan Indonesia tahun 2019, kasus DBD mengalami peningkatan sebesar 1,10% dari tahun 2018 ke tahun 2019. Penularan kasus DBD biasanya dipengaruhi oleh perilaku masyarakat, dan kondisi sanitasi lingkungan yang buruk, sehingga dapat menyebabkan tersedianya tempat perkembangbiakan vektor DBD. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis perilaku masyarakat dan sanitasi lingkungan dengan kejadian penyakit DBD. Metode: Penelitian ini dilakukan di Kelurahan Tenggilis Mejoyo Kota Surabaya pada bulan Mei – Juli 2021. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif analitik dengan pendekatan case control. Besar sampel dalam penelitian ini yaitu 38 responden. Variabel independen penelitian yaitu perilaku menggantung pakaian kotor di dalam rumah, sanitasi lingkungan yang meliputi kondisi tempat penampungan air, sistem pengelolaan sampah rumah tangga, dan kondisi lingkungan rumah, sedangkan variabel dependen penelitian yaitu kejadian penyakit DBD. Data yang digunakan adalah data sekunder dan data primer. Analisis data menggunakan uji Chi Square. Hasil: Hasil analisis menggunakan uji Chi Square menunjukkan hubungan yang signifikan pada perilaku menggantung pakaian kotor di dalam rumah (p = 0,000), kondisi tempat penampungan air (p = 0,000), sistem pengelolaan sampah rumah tangga (p = 0,000), dan kondisi lingkungan rumah (p = 0,000) dengan kejadian penyakit DBD. Simpulan: Terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara perilaku menggantung pakaian kotor di dalam rumah dan kondisi sanitasi lingkungan yang meliputi kondisi tempat penampungan air, sistem pengelolaan sampah rumah tangga, dan kondisi lingkungan rumah dengan kejadian penyakit DBD. Oleh karena itu, diharapkan peran masyarakat untuk selalu menjaga lingkungan sekitar agar lingkungan menjadi sehat dan bersih guna mencegah terjadinya penyakit DBD