Sistem pengurusan bersepadu: satu pengenalan

The implementation of management systems such as ISO 9001:2000, ISO 14001:1996 and OHSAS 18001:1999 is a requirement for any organization in order to ensure business sustainability. This is because organizations will enjoy numerous benefits that the systems could offer such as cost reduction, improved corporate image and to stay competitive. Besides these advantages, however, there are several drawbacks if the systems are implemented separately. Among these drawbacks include redundant work, cost incurred, time consuming and additional workload due to the redundancy in the requirements of the three systems. Therefore, organizations have to find alternatives to deal with these situations. The emergence of the Integrated Management System (IMS) is seen to be the best solution for the organizations. This is due to IMS itself has its own advantage mainly by the elimination of the redundancy in the requirements of the system. This paper reveals the problems encountered when the systems are implemented separately, and how IMS could offer solutions to the organization

Stunning and animal welfare from Islamic and scientific perspectives.

The transformation of an animal into pieces fit for human consumption is a very important operation. Rather than argue about halal slaughter without stunning being inhumane or stunning being controversial from the Islamic point of view, we discuss slaughter, stunning and animal welfare considering both Islamic and animal welfare legislation requirements. With the world Muslim population close to two billion, the provision of halal meat for the Muslim community is important both ethically and economically. However, from the animal welfare standard point of view, a number of issues have been raised about halal slaughter without stunning, particularly, about stressful methods of restraint and the latency of the onset of unconsciousness. This paper sets out to, discuss the methods of stunning that are acceptable by Islamic authorities, highlight the requirements for stunning to be acceptable in Islam and suggest practical ways to improve the humanness of slaughte

OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO INORGANIC LEAD IN MALAYSIAN BATTERY-MANUFACTURING FACTORIES

A study was carried out by the Factories an

Phytoremediation Potential of Vetiver System Technology for Improving the Quality of Palm Oil Mill Effluent

Palm oil mill effluent (POME), a pollutant produced by the palm oil industry, was treated by the Vetiver system technology (VST). This technology was applied for the first time to treat POME in order to decrease biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD). In this study, two different concentrations of POME (low and high) were treated with Vetiver plants for 2 weeks. The results showed that Vetiver was able to reduce the BOD up to 90% in low concentration POME and 60% in high concentration POME, while control sets (without plant) only was able to reduce 15% of BOD. The COD reduction was 94% in low concentration POME and 39% in high concentration POME, while control just shows reduction of 12%. Morphologically, maximum root and shoot lengths were 70 cm, the number of tillers and leaves was 344 and 86, and biomass production was 4.1 kg m−2. These results showed that VST was effective in reducing BOD and COD in POME. The treatment in low concentration was superior to the high concentration. Furthermore, biomass of plant can be considered as a promising raw material for biofuel production while high amount of biomass was generated in low concentration of POME

Evaluation of surface water treated with lotus plant; Nelumbo nucifera

The potential of Nelumbo nucifera in treating contaminated surface water was investigated in terms of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), turbidity, and nitrate reduction. Batch type lab-scale container cultivated with N. nucifera was exposed to the contaminated surface water for 30 days. Nitrate (NO3−) adsorption and pH level were monitored continuously to identify the plant survival and to avoid any additional contaminants into the samples such as plant decay. For comparison, water lily, Nymphaea, was prepared using the same experimental setup. After 30 days of phytoremediation, the BOD and COD values of the treated water using N. nucifera was significantly reduced to 97.1% and 55%, respectively, due to the unique gas transport mechanism that thermodynamically drive O2 gas from leaves at the water surface to the buried rhizomes located in the anoxic sediments. When treated with Nymphaea, the BOD value in water decreased by 64.5% and the COD value increased by 50.5%. The results indicate that N. nucifera was able to remove the organic contaminants from the surface water by supplying adequate amount of 0.2–2.1 mL/min O2 gas to increase the microbial activities from the control condition

Effects of Solvents on Polymorphism and Shape of Mefenamic Acid Crystals

Mefenamic acid [2-(2, 3-dimethylphenyl) amino benzoic acid] is an active pharmaceutical compound that exist in different polymorphic form and shape. In this work the effect of solvents on polymorphism and shape of mefenamic acid crystals were examined. The solvents used were ethanol, isopropanol, ethyl acetate, dimethyl acetamide, dimethyl formamide, and acetone. Natural cooling was employed during the crystallisation process. The crystals produced were dried and analysed using optical microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermal gravimetric analysis, x-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The analysis confirmed that the crystals obtained using ethyl acetate, ethanol, isopropanol, and acetone are pure Form I with a needle-like flat shape. Meanwhile, the crystallisation using DMF produced polymorphic Form II in cubic shape

Effect of Cooling Rates on Shape and Crystal Size Distributions of Mefenamic Acid Polymorph in Ethyl Acetate

This study investigate the effect of cooling rates on mefenamic acid crystallisation in ethyl acetate. The cooling rate was varied from 0.2 to 5 °C/min. The in-line conductivity system and turbidity system were employed to detect the onset of the crystallization process. The crystals produced were analysed using optical microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). It was found that the crystals produced at different cooling rates were needle-like and exhibit polymorphic form type I. However, the aspect ratio and crystal size distributions were varied with the increased of cooling rate. A high crystals aspect ratio and narrower CSD (100−900 μm) was obtained at cooling rate of 0.5 °C/min. Thus, can be suggested as the most suitable cooling rate for crystallization of mefenamic acid in ethyl acetate

Effects of solvents on polymorphism and shape of mefenamic acid crystals

Mefenamic acid [2-(2, 3-dimethylphenyl) amino benzoic acid] is an active pharmaceutical compound that exist in different polymorphic form and shape. In this work the effect of solvents on polymorphism and shape of mefenamic acid crystals were examined. The solvents used were ethanol, isopropanol, ethyl acetate, dimethyl acetamide, dimethyl formamide, and acetone. Natural cooling was employed during the crystallisation process. The crystals produced were dried and analysed using optical microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermal gravimetric analysis, x-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The analysis confirmed that the crystals obtained using ethyl acetate, ethanol, isopropanol, and acetone are pure Form I with a needle-like flat shape. Meanwhile, the crystallisation using DMF produced polymorphic Form II in cubic shape

Effect of cooling rates on shape and crystal size distributions of mefenamic acid polymorph in ethyl acetate

This study investigate the effect of cooling rates on mefenamic acid crystallisation in ethyl acetate. The cooling rate was varied from 0.2 to 5 °C/min. The in-line conductivity system and turbidity system were employed to detect the onset of the crystallization process. The crystals produced were analysed using optical microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). It was found that the crystals produced at different cooling rates were needle-like and exhibit polymorphic form type I. However, the aspect ratio and crystal size distributions were varied with the increased of cooling rate. A high crystals aspect ratio and narrower CSD (100−900 μm) was obtained at cooling rate of 0.5 °C/min. Thus, can be suggested as the most suitable cooling rate for crystallization of mefenamic acid in ethyl acetate