Invasions of Alien Plant Species in the South Urals: Current State of the Problem

Aim: assessment of the current state of the introduction of alien species into the territory of the Bashkortostan Republic. Objectives: identification of aggressive neophyte invasion centers, mapping their distribution in the region, the description of communities containing such neophytes, assessment of the population, and reproductive characteristics of these species and the development of recommendations about controlling invasive processes. The characteristics of the adventive component of the flora of the Bashkortostan Republic (457 species) are provided in the article. The most aggressive invasive species (Ambrosia trifida, A. psylostachya, Cyclachaena xanthiifolia, Hordeum jubatum, Bidens frondosa, etc.), which take root in sinantropic and natural communities in proportions of between 18% and 99%, are considered. The biomass of invasive plants is up to 6 kg/m2 , while the density is over 1,000 escapes per 1 m2 . Data on the ecology, phytocenotic confinedness and distribution of these species are presented. Ecological harm is connected with the replacement of local plants, the contamination of lands and the allergenicity of the pollen from a number of invasive species. Keywords: South Urals, Bashkortostan Republic, alien species, invasions, controlling number

The collection of <I>Allium</I> L. at the South-Ural Botanical Garden–Institute

The article presents the results of introducing wild species. forms and varieties of Allium L. in the South-Ural Botanical Garden– Institute, Ufa. This genus is known for many useful plants – edible, medicinal and ornamental – and for its rare species requiring protection. The collection contains 111 taxa: 92 species, plus a number of onion cultivars and forms. It includes 7 species listed in the Red Book of Bashkortostan, 35 rare species from other regions of the ex-USSR, 2 rare species from the Red Book of the Russian Federation, and 19 endemic species.The collection serves as the basis for studying biological characteristics, agronomic and ornamental traits, reproduction and in vitro cultivation features, etc. Biochemical composition of introduced genotypes is also analyzed. Special attention is paid to the cultivation of rare onions as one of the methods of preserving their biodiversity – their reintroduction into natural habitats is possible on this basis. Most of onions introduced into the Bashkir Cis-Urals (65 species, 78 taxa in total) are stable in cultivation and possess valuable food and/or ornamental qualities, which makes it possible to recommend them for wider use in gardening and phytodesign

Radial HI Profiles at the Periphery of Galactic Disks: The Role of Ionizing Background Radiation

Observations of neutral hydrogen in spiral galaxies reveal a sharp cutoff in the radial density profile at some distance from the center. Using 22 galaxies with known HI distributions as an example, we discuss the question of whether this effect can be associated exclusively with external ionizing radiation, as is commonly assumed. We show that before the surface density reaches $\sigma_{\textrm{HI}}\le 0.5 {\cal M}_\odot/{\textrm {pc}}^2$(the same for galaxies of different types), it is hard to expect the gas to be fully ionized by background radiation. For two of 13 galaxies with a sharp drop in the HI profile, the "steepening" can actually be caused by ionization. At the same time, for the remaining galaxies, the observed cutoff in the radial HI profile is closer to the center than if it was a consequence of ionization by background radiation and, therefore, it should be caused by other factors.Comment: 15 pages, 6 figure

The chiral Anomalous Hall effect in re-entrant AuFe alloys

The Hall effect has been studied in a series of AuFe samples in the re-entrant concentration range, as well as in part of the spin glass range. An anomalous Hall contribution linked to the tilting of the local spins can be identified, confirming theoretical predictions of a novel topological Hall term induced when chirality is present. This effect can be understood in terms of Aharonov-Bohm-like intrinsic current loops arising from successive scatterings by canted local spins. The experimental measurements indicate that the chiral signal persists, meaning scattering within the nanoscopic loops remains coherent, up to temperatures of the order of 150 K.Comment: 7 pages, 11 eps figures Published version. Minor change

Conductivity, weak ferromagnetism and charge instability in α−MnS\alpha-MnS single crystal

The temperature dependence of resistivity, magnetization and electron-spin resonance of the $\alpha- MnS$ single crystal were measured in temperature range of $5 K < T < 550 K$. Magnetization hysteresis in applied magnetic field up to 0.7 T at $T=5 K, 77 K, 300 K$, irreversible temperature behavior of magnetization and resistivity were found . The obtained data were explained in terms of degenerate tight binding model using random phase approximation. The contribution of holes in $t_{2g}$ and $e_g$ bands of manganese ions to the conductivity, optical absorbtion spectra and charge instability in $\alpha -MnS$ were studied. Charge susceptibility maxima resulted from the competition of the on-site Coulomb interaction between the holes in different orbitals and small hybridization of sub-bands were calculated at $T=160 K, 250 K, 475 K$.Comment: 6 pages, 12 figure

Comparative indicators of morphology and seed productivity in rare <i>Iris</i> L. spp. within their natural habitats and under cultivation in the Southern Urals

Background. Wild irises are promising for cultivation and use in breeding practice. Many of them are included in Red Lists, as they disappear under the impact of anthropogenic factors. It is biologically important to study their morphometric and reproductive parameters, so that the most stable and highly ornamental species could be recommended for expanding the range of flower plants.Materials and methods. Biological features of four Iris L. species rarely occurring in the Southern Urals: I. pseudacorus L., I. pumila L., I. scariosa Wild. ex Link, and I. humilis Georgi, were studied in 2012–2017 in 23 natural and 4 introduced cenopopulations. Individual parameters were compared for 25 medium-age plants from each cenopopulation in their mass-flowering and fruiting phase according to 11 biometric parameters using conventional methods. Statistical significance of the differences was assessed using Student’s t-test.Results. Comparison of morphometric parameters of four rare Iris spp. naturally occurring and introduced in Bashkortostan during six years of research showed significant differences between cenopopulations at a 5% significance level for most traits of I. pumila and I. pseudacorus. As for I. scariosa and I. humilis, differences were mostly insignificant (at tfact&lt; 2.064). Mean values of most reproductive parameters for I. scariosa, I. humilis and I. pseudacorus were significantly lower under introduction conditions than in natural populations. Under cultivation, seed productivity of I. pumila increased. Variability of most morphometric features of the studied irises was within normal response limits for the studied species. When cultivated in the environments of the Bashkir Cis-Urals, they bloom and bear fruit every year, except for I. humilis.Conclusion. Of the four rare Iris spp., I. pumila is recommended for landscaping settlements in the South Urals as the most stable species

Корреляция литосферных магнитных аномалий и тектонических структур в норвежско-гренландской части Арктики

The studies of the deep structure and tectonics of the Arctic are important for solving the fundamental problems of modern geodynamics and developing its natural resources. This region is also of interest from the geopolitical point of view, in particular, considering the boundaries of the marginal seas. Our study aims to investigate the lithospheric (anomalous) geomagnetic field in the Norwegian-Greenland region of the Arctic and to correlate the identified anomalies with tectonic structures located in the region under study. The database includes the CHAMP satellite measurements of the modulus of the total geomagnetic field vector (the satellite operated at the altitude of ~280 km). This article describes the satellite data processing method applied to distinguish between the lithospheric part and other components of the geomagnetic field. Map showing the total vector modulus of the lithospheric field has been constructed for the studied area. The article discusses the possible nature of the lithospheric magnetic anomalies and their relation to the processes that occur under the territory of Greenland. According to our interpretation of the maps, the geomagnetic field anomalies are related to the modern large-scale geological and tectonic structures located in the studied area. The obtained results can facilitate further comprehensive geological and geophysical studies and contribute to modeling of the evolution of the lithosphere.Изучение глубинного строения и тектоники Арктики актуально для решения фундаментальных проблем современной геодинамики, освоения ее природных ресурсов, а также представляет интерес с геополитической точки зрения, в частности для определения границ шельфов окраинных морей. Цель настоящей работы – изучение литосферного (аномального) геомагнитного поля на территории норвежско-гренландской части Арктики и сопоставление выявленных аномалий с тектоническими структурами исследуемого региона. В качестве экспериментальных данных использовались измерения модуля полного вектора геомагнитного поля спутником CHAMP на высоте ~280 км. В работе описана методика обработки спутниковых данных с целью отделения литосферной части от остальных составляющих геомагнитного поля. В результате построена карта модуля полного вектора литосферного поля для исследуемой территории. Рассмотрена возможная природа литосферных магнитных аномалий и их связь с процессами, происходящими под территорией Гренландии. Интерпретация полученных карт показывает, что аномалии геомагнитного поля связаны с современными крупномасштабными геолого-тектоническими структурами исследуемой области. Полученные результаты представляют существенный интерес для дальнейших комплексных геолого-геофизических исследований и построения обоснованных моделей эволюции литосферы

Common principles for optimization of the athletes’ acclimatization to hot and humid climate

Objective: to develop an adaptation control technology to the hot climate for elite athletes. Materials and methods: data analysis, summarizing the experience of adaptation and acclimatization measures in preparation of national teams of Russia for the major international competitions; development and testing of integrated technologies for acceleration and optimization of the athletes’ body state in the light of specific features of the sport in a hot and humid climate. Results: materials about preparation of teams of the USSR and Russia for the largest international competition in hot and humid climates were analyzed. ^e plan of implementation of an integrated management technology for adaptation of athletes was developed at the stage of immediate preparation for major competitions and included activities in three areas: organizational, scientific-methodical and educational. Methodological recommendations were developed including monitoring of the athletes’ status and prevention of disorders of the major organs and systems. Conclusions: an acclimatization training camp should be advantageously carried out in an intermediate geographic area, similar in time zone, climatic and geographic characteristics of the competition place. The sport team should be moved to the competition place within two or three days before the championship’s beginning. It is important to monitor hydration status, electrolyte balance and levels of key hormones in the process of adaptation

ДЕНЕЖНО-КРЕДИТНЫЕ ФАКТОРЫ АКТИВИЗАЦИИ ВНУТРЕННЕГО ИНВЕСТИЦИОННОГО СПРОСА В РОССИЙСКОЙ ЭКОНОМИКЕ

Topic. The article discusses the trends shaping the domestic investment demand in the Russian economy in the context of the regulatory capacity of monetary and credit policy. Purpose. We try to identify factors and conditions that stimulate investment growth in the Russian economy taking into account the active role of the credit system.Methodology. The study is based on the use of systematic, evolutionary and institutional approaches and the artificial neural network method. To calculate data about the volumes and dynamics of investment loans the authors applied the method of indirect calculation using data from Bank of Russia of loans to non-financial enterprises and the Federal state statistics service on the value of business investment in fixed capital, and the share of Bank loans in total sources of financing investments in fixed capital.Result. We discovered some specific features of the influence of the main channels of the transmission mechanism of modern monetary and credit policy of the Bank of Russia on the formation of internal investment demand. The authors understand it as a need, the willingness and ability of economic agentsresidents to the reproduction and accumulation of capital for economic growth based on innovation. According to the obtained results based on analysis of profitability ratios of goods sold (products, works, and services) of main economic activity and interest rates on Bank deposits we found the negative growth trend in the number of main branches of economy, where profitability is lower than the weighted average rate on deposits.Conclusions. We made some suggestions as concerns improving the effects of current monetary and credit policy in the context of forming of internal investment demand. Also, we grounded the principles of choice of strategic priorities of monetary and credit policy adequate to the requirements of sustainable economic growth and interrelated with other components of the macroeconomic policy.Предмет. В статье рассматриваются тенденции формирования внутреннего инвестиционного спроса в российской экономике в контексте регулирующего потенциала денежно-кредитной политики.Цель. Выявить факторы и условия, способствующие росту инвестиций в экономику России с учетом активной роли кредитной системы.Методология. Исследование базируется на использовании системного, эволюционного и институционального подходов, а также метода искусственных нейронных сетей. Для расчета данных об объемах и динамике инвестиционных кредитов применена методика косвенного расчета с использованием данных Банка России о кредитах нефинансовым предприятиям и информации Росстата о величине инвестиций предприятий в основной капитал и доле банковских кредитов в общем объеме источников финансирования инвестиций в основной капитал. Результат. Раскрыты особенности влияния основных каналов трансмиссионного механизма современной денежно-кредитной политики Банка России на формирование внутреннего инвестиционного спроса, под которым авторы понимают потребность, готовность и способность экономических агентов-резидентов к воспроизводству и накоплению капитала, обеспечивающего экономический рост на инновационной основе. По результатам анализа соотношения рентабельности проданных товаров (продукции, работ, услуг) по основным видам экономической деятельности и процентных ставок по банковским депозитам выявлена негативная тенденция роста числа основных отраслей экономики, где рентабельность ниже, чем средневзвешенная ставка по депозитам.Выводы. Вносятся предложения по повышению эффектов современной денежно-кредитной политики в контексте формирования внутреннего инвестиционного спроса. Обоснован выбор стратегических приоритетов денежно-кредитной политики, адекватных требованиям устойчивого экономического роста и взаимоувязанных с другими составляющими макроэкономической политики