16 research outputs found
Analysis of Natural and Synthetic Estrogenic Endocrine Disruptors in Environmental Waters Using Online Preconcentration Coupled With LC-APPI-MS/MS
On-Line Solid Phase Extraction and Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry to Quantify Pharmaceuticals, Pesticides and Some Metabolites in Wastewaters, Drinking, and Surface Waters
Predicting the biodegradation of multiple cyanotoxins in drinking water sources on the Missisquoi Bay, Canada
Ozone oxidation of chemotherapy drugs and pharmaceuticals during drinking water treatment
Ozone oxidation of pharmaceuticals, endocrine disruptors and pesticides during drinking water treatment
Monitoring and modeling the impacts of combined sewer overflows (CSOs) on drinking water intakes
Sorption de traces micropolluants émergents (médicaments, pesticides et hormones) sur des argiles modifiées
Alkali Dispersion in (Ag,Cu)(In,Ga)Se-2 Thin Film Solar Cells-Insight from Theory and Experiment
Silver alloying of Cu(In,Ga)Se-2 absorbers for thin film photovoltaics offers improvements in open-circuit voltage, especially when combined with optimal alkali-treatments and certain Ga concentrations. The relationship between alkali distribution in the absorber and Ag alloying is investigated here, combining experimental and theoretical studies. Atom probe tomography analysis is implemented to quantify the local composition in grain interiors and at grain boundaries. The Na concentration in the bulk increases up to similar to 60 ppm for [Ag]/([Ag] + [Cu]) = 0.2 compared to similar to 20 ppm for films without Ag and up to similar to 200 ppm for [Ag]/([Ag] + [Cu]) = 1.0. First-principles calculations were employed to evaluate the formation energies of alkali-on-group-I defects (where group-I refers to Ag and Cu) in (Ag,Cu)(In,Ga)Se-2 as a function of the Ag and Ga contents. The computational results demonstrate strong agreement with the nanoscale analysis results, revealing a clear trend of increased alkali bulk solubility with the Ag concentration. The present study, therefore, provides a more nuanced understanding of the role of Ag in the enhanced performance of the respective photovoltaic devices