The Role of ULK1 in the Pathophysiology of Osteoarthritis

L'arthrose est la maladie musculo-squelettique la plus commune dans le monde. Elle est l'une des principales causes de douleur et d’incapacité chez les adultes, et elle représente un fardeau considérable sur le système de soins de santé. L'arthrose est une maladie de l’articulation entière, impliquant non seulement le cartilage articulaire, mais aussi la synoviale, les ligaments et l’os sous-chondral. L’arthrose est caractérisée par la dégénérescence progressive du cartilage articulaire, la formation d’ostéophytes, le remodelage de l'os sous-chondral, la détérioration des tendons et des ligaments et l'inflammation de la membrane synoviale. Les traitements actuels aident seulement à soulager les symptômes précoces de la maladie, c’est pour cette raison que l'arthrose est caractérisée par une progression presque inévitable vers la phase terminale de la maladie. La pathogénie exacte de l'arthrose est encore inconnue, mais on sait que l'événement clé est la dégradation du cartilage articulaire. Le cartilage articulaire est composé uniquement des chondrocytes; les cellules responsables de la synthèse de la matrice extracellulaire et du maintien de l'homéostasie du cartilage articulaire. Les chondrocytes maintiennent la matrice du cartilage en remplaçant les macromolécules dégradées et en répondant aux lésions du cartilage et aux dégénérescences focales en augmentant l'activité de synthèse locale. Les chondrocytes ont un taux faible de renouvellement, c’est pour cette raison qu’ils utilisent des mécanismes endogènes tels que l'autophagie (un processus de survie cellulaire et d’adaptation) pour enlever les organelles et les macromolécules endommagés et pour maintenir l'homéostasie du cartilage articulaire. i L'autophagie est une voie de dégradation lysosomale qui est essentielle pour la survie, la différenciation, le développement et l’homéostasie. Elle régule la maturation et favorise la survie des chondrocytes matures sous le stress et des conditions hypoxiques. Des études effectuées par nous et d'autres ont montré qu’un dérèglement de l’autophagie est associé à une diminution de la chondroprotection, à l'augmentation de la mort cellulaire et à la dégénérescence du cartilage articulaire. Carames et al ont montré que l'autophagie est constitutivement exprimée dans le cartilage articulaire humain normal. Toutefois, l'expression des inducteurs principaux de l'autophagie est réduite dans le vieux cartilage. Nos études précédentes ont également identifié des principaux gènes de l’autophagie qui sont exprimés à des niveaux plus faibles dans le cartilage humain atteint de l'arthrose. Les mêmes résultats ont été montrés dans le cartilage articulaire provenant des modèles de l’arthrose expérimentaux chez la souris et le chien. Plus précisément, nous avons remarqué que l'expression d’Unc-51 like kinase-1 (ULK1) est faible dans cartilage humain atteint de l'arthrose et des modèles expérimentaux de l’arthrose. ULK1 est la sérine / thréonine protéine kinase et elle est l’inducteur principal de l’autophagie. La perte de l’expression de ULK1 se traduit par un niveau d’autophagie faible. Etant donné qu’une signalisation adéquate de l'autophagie est nécessaire pour maintenir la chondroprotection ainsi que l'homéostasie du cartilage articulaire, nous avons proposé l’hypothèse suivante : une expression adéquate de ULK1 est requise pour l’induction de l’autophagie dans le cartilage articulaire et une perte de cette expression se traduira par une diminution de la chondroprotection, et une augmentation de la mort des chondrocytes ce qui conduit à la dégénérescence du cartilage articulaire. Le rôle exact de ULK1 dans la pathogénie de l'arthrose est inconnue, j’ai alors créé pour la première fois, des souris KO ULK1spécifiquement dans le cartilage en utilisant la technologie Cre-Lox et j’ai ensuite soumis ces souris à la déstabilisation du ménisque médial (DMM), un modèle de l'arthrose de la souris pour élucider le rôle spécifique in vivo de ULK1 dans pathogenèse de l'arthrose. Mes résultats montrent que ULK1 est essentielle pour le maintien de l'homéostasie du cartilage articulaire. Plus précisément, je montre que la perte de ULK1 dans le cartilage articulaire a causé un phénotype de l’arthrose accéléré, associé à la dégénérescence accélérée du cartilage, l’augmentation de la mort cellulaire des chondrocytes, et l’augmentation de l'expression des facteurs cataboliques. En utilisant des chondrocytes provenant des patients atteints de l’arthrose et qui ont été transfectées avec le plasmide d'expression ULK1, je montre qu’ULK1 est capable de réduire l’expression de la protéine mTOR (principal régulateur négatif de l’autophagie) et de diminuer l’expression des facteurs cataboliques comme MMP-13 et ADAMTS-5 et COX-2. Mes résultats jusqu'à présent indiquent que ULK1 est une cible thérapeutique potentielle pour maintenir l'homéostasie du cartilage articulaire.Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common musculoskeletal disease worldwide. It is one of the leading causes of pain and disability among adults, and represents a considerable burden on the healthcare system. OA is a disease of the entire joint, involving not only the articular cartilage but also the synovium, ligaments and subchondral bone. It is characterized by the progressive degeneration of the articular cartilage, osteophyte formation, remodelling of the subchondral bone, deterioration of tendons and ligaments and various degrees of inflammation of the synovium. While current therapies and management strategies can help alleviate symptoms early in the disease process, OA is characterized by almost inevitable progression towards end-stage disease. The exact pathogenesis of OA is largely unknown but the key event in OA is the degradation of the articular cartilage. The articular cartilage is only composed of chondrocytes; cells responsible for the synthesis of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and maintenance of articular cartilage homeostasis. Chondrocytes maintain the articular cartilage matrix by replacing degraded macromolecules and respond to focal cartilage injury or degeneration by increasing local synthesis activity. Since chondrocytes exhibit low levels of turnover, they rely on endogenous mechanisms such as autophagy (a cell survival and adaptation process) to remove damaged organelles and macromolecules in order to maintain articular cartilage homeostasis. Autophagy is a lysosomal degradation pathway that is essential for survival, differentiation, development and homeostasis. It regulates maturation and promotes survival of terminally differentiated chondrocytes under stress and hypoxic conditions. Studies by us and others have shown that compromised autophagy is associated with decreased chondroprotection, increased cell death and articular cartilage degeneration. Carames et al showed that autophagy is constitutively expressed in normal human articular cartilage. However, expression of key autophagy inducers is reduced in ageing cartilage. Our previous studies have also identified a panel of key autophagy genes that are expressed in low levels in human OA cartilage as well as in the articular cartilage from mouse and dog models of experimental OA. Specifically, we identified that expression of unc-51 like kinase-1 (ULK1) is suppressed in human OA cartilage and experimental OA models. ULK1 is a serine/threonine protein kinase and is the most upstream autophagy inducer. Loss of ULK1 results in disruption of autophagy induction. Since adequate autophagy signaling is required for maintaining chondroprotection as well as articular cartilage homeostasis, we hypothesized that ULK1 is required for autophagy induction in the articular cartilage and loss of it will result in decreased chondroprotection and enhanced chondrocyte death leading to the degeneration of articular cartilage. Since the exact role of ULK1 in pathogenesis of OA is unknown, I created for the first time, an inducible cartilage- specific ULK1 knockout (KO) mice using Cre-Lox technology and subjected these mice to the destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM) mouse OA model to specifically elucidate the specific in vivo role of ULK1 in OA pathogenesis. My results show that ULK1 is essential for maintaining articular cartilage homeostasis. Specifically I show that loss of ULK1 in the articular cartilage results in an accelerated OA phenotype; which is associated with accelerated cartilage degeneration, enhanced chondrocyte cell death, increased expression of catabolic MMP-13. Using human OA chondrocytes transfected with ULK1 expression plasmid I show that ULK1 is able to reduce the expression of mTOR (major negative regulator of autophagy) and decrease the expression of OA catabolic factors including MMP-13, ADAMTS-5 and COX-2. My results so far suggest that ULK-1 is a potential therapeutic target to maintain articular cartilage homeostasis

Análise do apgar no 1º e 5º minutos nos partos normais de posição vertical e horizontal de recém-nascidos a termo na Maternidade do hospital Universitário (HU).

Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Tocoginecologia, Curso de Medicina, Florianópolis, 200

Multilevel algorithms for partitioning power-law graphs

Graph partitioning is an enabling technology for parallel processing as it allows for the effective decomposition of unstructured computations whose data dependencies correspond to a large sparse and irregular graph. Even though the problem of computing high-quality partitionings of graphs arising in scientific computations is to a large extent wellunderstood, this is far from being true for emerging HPC applications whose underlying computation involves graphs whose degree distribution follows a power-law curve. This paper presents new multilevel graph partitioning algorithms that are specifically designed for partitioning such graphs. It presents new clustering-based coarsening schemes that identify and collapse together groups of vertices that are highly connected. An experimental evaluation of these schemes on 10 different graphs show that the proposed algorithms consistently and significantl

Stent-assisted, balloon-induced intimal disruption and relamination of aortic dissection in patients with Marfan syndrome: Midterm outcomes and aortic remodeling.

International audienc

Spatial Frequency Selectivity Is Impaired in Dopamine D2 Receptor Knockout Mice

Dopamine is a neurotransmitter implicated in several brain functions, including vision. In the present study, we investigated the impacts of the lack of D2 dopamine receptors on the structure and function of the primary visual cortex (V1) of D2-KO mice using optical imaging of intrinsic signals. Retinotopic maps were generated in order to measure anatomo-functional parameters such as V1 shape, cortical magnification factor, scatter, and ocular dominance. Contrast sensitivity and spatial frequency selectivity (SF) functions were computed from responses to drifting gratings. When compared to control mice, none of the parameters of the retinotopic maps were affected by D2 receptor loss of function. While the contrast sensitivity function of D2-KO mice did not differ from their wild-type counterparts, SF selectivity function was significantly affected as the optimal SF and the high cut-off frequency (p < 0.01) were higher in D2-KO than in WT mice. These findings show that the lack of function of D2 dopamine receptors had no influence on cortical structure whereas it had a significant impact on the spatial frequency selectivity and high cut-off. Taken together, our results suggest that D2 receptors play a specific role on the processing of spatial features in early visual cortex while they do not seem to participate in its development

Mid-term Outcomes of Stent Assisted Balloon Induced Intimal Disruption and Relamination in Aortic Dissection Repair (STABILISE) in Acute Type B Aortic Dissection

International audienceObjectives: This article reports mid-term results of 41 patients treated by the stent assisted balloon induced intimal disruption and relamination (STABILISE) technique for acute type B aortic dissection.Methods: Between November 2011 and November 2017, 41 patients (10 male; median age 50 years) underwent proximal descending aortic stent grafting plus stent assisted balloon induced intimal disruption of the thoraco-abdominal aorta for acute type B aortic dissection. Serial computed tomography angiography was used to assess aortic remodelling.Results: There were no intra-procedural complications. Fifteen branch arteries supplied by the false lumen were stented (9% of the visceral branch arteries). The thirty day incidence of death, stroke, and paralysis/visceral ischaemia was 2% (n = 1), 0%, 5% (n = 2), and 2% (n = 1) respectively. During a median follow up of 12 months (range 1–168) eight patients (20%) required re-intervention. Primary visceral stent patency was 93% (n = 14). No aortic related deaths occurred. On the most recent computed tomography angiogram, complete false lumen obliteration and aortic remodelling was obtained in all patients at the thoraco-abdominal level, and in 39% (n = 16) at the unstented infrarenal aorto-iliac level. The maximum aortic diameter increased in only two patients (5%) at the unstented infrarenal level.Conclusion: To obtain immediate and durable thoraco-abdominal aortic remodelling in acute type B dissections, the STABILISE technique is safe and reproducible while not compromising the patency of collateral branches