118 research outputs found
Problem-based Learning in Nursing Education: A Review Article
Introduction: Public health services system needs nurses with problem solving and critical thinking skills. Thus, teaching methods must be applied to nurture these skills in students. This issue has led to attention toward Problem-Based Learning (PBL) in nursing. This study was done to investigate the effect of PBL in nursing through reviewing the related literature. Methods: Using the key words PBL, nursing education, and clinical environment, all the related studies done between 2000 and 2010 were selected on Medline, Proquest, and Ovid. The studies were then assessed based on learning stages occurring in PBL and 18 researches were selected. Results: The researches supported the positive effects of PBL method in theoretical and clinical nursing education. This study suggested that PBL promotes learning, critical thinking and conflict resolution skills. Conclusion: Considering the findings of the studied research papers, it is suggested that PBL be applied in teaching theoretical and clinical courses of nursing. Also nursing schools administrators should provide the proper conditions for applying this teaching method
Oscillatory multiphase flow strategy for chemistry and biology
Continuous multiphase flow strategies are commonly employed for high-throughput parameter screening of physical, chemical, and biological processes as well as continuous preparation of a wide range of fine chemicals and micro/nano particles with processing times up to 10 min. The inter-dependency of mixing and residence times, and their direct correlation with reactor length have limited the adaptation of multiphase flow strategies for studies of processes with relatively long processing times (0.5–24 h). In this frontier article, we describe an oscillatory multiphase flow strategy to decouple mixing and residence times and enable investigation of longer timescale experiments than typically feasible with conventional continuous multiphase flow approaches. We review current oscillatory multiphase flow technologies, provide an overview of the advancements of this relatively new strategy in chemistry and biology, and close with a perspective on future opportunities.Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (Postgraduate Fellowship
Application of Learning Theories in Clinical Education
Introduction: The purpose of education is learning. Several theories have been raised about learning, which have tried to explain how learning occurs. They help teachers to choose teaching methods, prepare learning environment and determine students' activities. Given the importance of learning theories in education, this study aimed to review application of learning theories in nursing education. Methods: In this study, some related published literatures during 2000-2010 were selected using key words including learning, theory and nursing education. Then the selected materials were reviewed for extracting application of learning theories in nursing education. Application of behavioral learning theories, cognitive theories (including Gestalt theory, information processing, Ausubel meaningful learning, constructivism, Bandura's social learning) and adult learning theory in nursing education were discussed in this article. Results: Some applications of behavioral theories are teaching in a sequential, simple to complex pattern teaching the skills using behavioral objectives for determining learning outcomes and assessment and providing teaching plan using the nursing process and nursing care plans and positive reinforcement. Principles of Gestalt theory have been used in mental organization towards simplicity, directed balance and equilibrium, and selective stimulus perception. Writing narratives and portfolio are samples of the application of constructive theory. Role models have been used in social cognitive theory. Based on adult learning theory, learners should be active and taught material should be applicable for them. Conclusion: Each learning theory has the particular application. Nursing educators must apply proper learning theories regarding students' experience and target material
Comparing Strengths and Weaknesses of Learning Theories
چكيده
مقدمه: آموزش در علوم پزشكي در حال تغيير است. بنابراين نياز است كه مدرسان عملكردهاي خود را ارزيابي و براي به حداكثر
رساندن يادگيري تلاش كنند. تئوريهاي يادگيري ميتواند ديدگاه هايي در مورد يادگيري فراهم كنند. هدف از اين مطالعه بررسي نقاط
قوت و ضعف هر يك از تئوريهاي يادگيري شامل تئوريهاي رفتاري، شناختي و انسانگرايانه با مرور متون مرتبط است.
روشها: در اين مطالعه برخي از متون مرتبط با تئوريهاي يادگيري شامل كتب و مقالات انتخاب شدند. سپس متون انتخاب شده از
نظر نقاط قوت و ضعف تئوريهاي يادگيري مورد بررسي قرار گرفتند.
يافتهها: نتايج نشان داد كه تئوريهاي رفتاري ساده هستند، كاربرد آنها آسان است و فراگير بر يك هدف واضح و مشخص متمركز
ميشود. تئوريهاي يادگيري شناختي نظير خبرپردازي، گشتالت و سازندهگرايي موجب ارتقاي تفكر انتقادي و حل مسأله در فراگير
ميشوند و فراگير ميتواند بهتر با موقعيتهاي واقعي زندگي روبرو شود. در تئوري انسانگرايانه تمركز يادگيري مربوط به نيازهاي فرد
است كه نياز غايي آن خود شكوفايي و خوديابي است. يادگيري خود-راهبر يكي از مهمترين و مشهورترين اصول آموزشي اين رويكرد
است كه نهايتاً منجر به خود هدايتي در فراگير ميشود.
نتيجهگيري: هر تئوري به يك جنبه از يادگيري ميپردازد و بنابراين هر كدام داراي نقاط قوت و ضعف خاصي هستند. لازم است
مدرسان و طراحان آموزشي به اين موارد جهت استفاده بهتر از تئوريها توجه كنند
The effects of swimming exercise and supraphysiological doses of nandrolone decanoate on the testis in adult male rats: a transmission electron microscope study
Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) are used in high doses by athletes to improve
athletic ability, physical appearance, and muscle mass. Unfortunately,
the abuse of these agents has significantly increased. It has been established
that exercise and high doses of AAS may influence the hypothalamic-pituitary
gonadal (H-P-G) axis, which can in turn affect the ultrastructure of the testes.
However, the effect of the combination of exercise and high doses of AAS on
the ultrastructure of the testes is not known. This study was undertaken in
order to examine the combination effects of swimming exercise and supraphysiological
doses of nandrolone decanoate on the ultrastructural changes in
rat testes. Five groups of male Wistar strain albino rats were treated as follows
for 8 weeks: solvent of nandrolone decanoate (peanut oil) as a vehicle (sham);
nandrolone decanoate (ND) (10 mg/kg/week) - ND; exercise (1 h/day, 5 days
a week) - exercise; ND (10 mg/kg/week) and exercise (1 h/day, 5 days a week)
- ND-EX; and sedentary control without any injection or exercise - control.
Ultrastructural changes in the rat testes were characterised by transmission
electron microscopy. The number and size of Leydig cells were considerably
decreased in the interstitial space in the experimental rats. The increased thickness
and irregular wavy multilaminar appearance of basement membrane in
the treated animals, especially in the ND-EX group, are associated with well
developed myoid cells. Cytoplasm vacuolisation, vesicular-like crista of the mitochondria,
numerous lipid droplets, and lysosome and phagolysosome in Sertoli
cells were significantly observed in the experimental groups. Several apoptotic
germ cells were considerably observed in the experimental rats (p ≤ 0.05).
Exercise training seems to increase the extent of ultrastructural changes caused
by supraphysiological doses of ND in rats, which in turn may affect fertility.
(Folia Morphol 2010; 69, 3: 138-146
Mutation Symmetries in BPS Quiver Theories: Building the BPS Spectra
We study the basic features of BPS quiver mutations in 4D
supersymmetric quantum field theory with gauge symmetries.\ We show,
for these gauge symmetries, that there is an isotropy group
associated to a set of quiver mutations capturing
information about the BPS spectra. In the strong coupling limit, it is shown
that BPS chambers correspond to finite and closed groupoid orbits with an
isotropy symmetry group isomorphic to the discrete
dihedral groups contained in Coxeter with the
Coxeter number of G. These isotropy symmetries allow to determine the BPS
spectrum of the strong coupling chamber; and give another way to count the
total number of BPS and anti-BPS states of gauge theories. We
also build the matrix realization of these mutation groups from which we read directly the electric-magnetic
charges of the BPS and anti-BPS states of QFT as well as
their matrix intersections. We study as well the quiver mutation symmetries in
the weak coupling limit and give their links with infinite Coxeter groups. We
show amongst others that is contained in
; and isomorphic to the infinite Coxeter
. Other issues such as building
and are also
studied.Comment: LaTeX, 98 pages, 18 figures, Appendix I on groupoids adde
Contribution of the hybrid inflation waterfall to the primordial curvature perturbation
A contribution to the curvature perturbation will be generated
during the waterfall that ends hybrid inflation, that may be significant on
small scales. In particular, it may lead to excessive black hole formation. We
here consider standard hybrid inflation, where the tachyonic mass of the
waterfall field is much bigger than the Hubble parameter. We calculate
in the simplest case, and see why earlier calculations of
are incorrect.Comment: Simpler and more complete results, especiallly for delta N approac
N=1 G_2 SYM theory and Compactification to Three Dimensions
We study four dimensional N=2 G_2 supersymmetric gauge theory on R^3\times
S^1 deformed by a tree level superpotential. We will show that the exact
superpotential can be obtained by making use of the Lax matrix of the
corresponding integrable model which is the periodic Toda lattice based on the
dual of the affine G_2 Lie algebra. At extrema of the superpotential the
Seiberg-Witten curve typically factorizes, and we study the algebraic equations
underlying this factorization. For U(N) theories the factorization was closely
related to the geometrical engineering of such gauge theories and to matrix
model descriptions, but here we will find that the geometrical interpretation
is more mysterious. Along the way we give a method to compute the gauge theory
resolvent and a suitable set of one-forms on the Seiberg-Witten curve. We will
also find evidence that the low-energy dynamics of G_2 gauge theories can
effectively be described in terms of an auxiliary hyperelliptic curve.Comment: 27 pages, late
Fields Annihilation and Particles Creation in DBI inflation
We consider a model of DBI inflation where two stacks of mobile branes are
moving ultra relativistically in a warped throat. The stack closer to the tip
of the throat is annihilated with the background anti-branes while inflation
proceeds by the second stack. The effects of branes annihilation and particles
creation during DBI inflation on the curvature perturbations power spectrum and
the scalar spectral index are studied. We show that for super-horizon scales,
modes which are outside the sound horizon at the time of branes collision, the
spectral index has a shift to blue spectrum compared to the standard DBI
inflation. For small scales the power spectrum approaches to its background DBI
inflation value with the decaying superimposed oscillatory modulations.Comment: First revision: minor changes, the background spectral index is
corrected, new references are added. Second revision: minor changes, new
references are added, accepted for publication in JCA
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