CAM-EULAG: a non-hydrostatic atmospheric climate model with grid stretching

This study evaluates the capability of a non-hydrostatic global climate model with grid stretching (CEU) that uses NCAR Community Atmospheric Model (CAM) physics and EULAG dynamics. We compare CEU rainfall with that produced by CAM using finite volume dynamics (CFV). Both models simulated climate from 1996 to 2000, using the same parameterization schemes

Effect of early tranexamic acid administration on mortality, hysterectomy, and other morbidities in women with post-partum haemorrhage (WOMAN): an international, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

Background Post-partum haemorrhage is the leading cause of maternal death worldwide. Early administration of tranexamic acid reduces deaths due to bleeding in trauma patients. We aimed to assess the effects of early administration of tranexamic acid on death, hysterectomy, and other relevant outcomes in women with post-partum haemorrhage. Methods In this randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, we recruited women aged 16 years and older with a clinical diagnosis of post-partum haemorrhage after a vaginal birth or caesarean section from 193 hospitals in 21 countries. We randomly assigned women to receive either 1 g intravenous tranexamic acid or matching placebo in addition to usual care. If bleeding continued after 30 min, or stopped and restarted within 24 h of the first dose, a second dose of 1 g of tranexamic acid or placebo could be given. Patients were assigned by selection of a numbered treatment pack from a box containing eight numbered packs that were identical apart from the pack number. Participants, care givers, and those assessing outcomes were masked to allocation. We originally planned to enrol 15 000 women with a composite primary endpoint of death from all-causes or hysterectomy within 42 days of giving birth. However, during the trial it became apparent that the decision to conduct a hysterectomy was often made at the same time as randomisation. Although tranexamic acid could influence the risk of death in these cases, it could not affect the risk of hysterectomy. We therefore increased the sample size from 15 000 to 20 000 women in order to estimate the effect of tranexamic acid on the risk of death from post-partum haemorrhage. All analyses were done on an intention-to-treat basis. This trial is registered with ISRCTN76912190 (Dec 8, 2008); ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00872469; and PACTR201007000192283. Findings Between March, 2010, and April, 2016, 20 060 women were enrolled and randomly assigned to receive tranexamic acid (n=10 051) or placebo (n=10 009), of whom 10 036 and 9985, respectively, were included in the analysis. Death due to bleeding was significantly reduced in women given tranexamic acid (155 [1·5%] of 10 036 patients vs 191 [1·9%] of 9985 in the placebo group, risk ratio [RR] 0·81, 95% CI 0·65–1·00; p=0·045), especially in women given treatment within 3 h of giving birth (89 [1·2%] in the tranexamic acid group vs 127 [1·7%] in the placebo group, RR 0·69, 95% CI 0·52–0·91; p=0·008). All other causes of death did not differ significantly by group. Hysterectomy was not reduced with tranexamic acid (358 [3·6%] patients in the tranexamic acid group vs 351 [3·5%] in the placebo group, RR 1·02, 95% CI 0·88–1·07; p=0·84). The composite primary endpoint of death from all causes or hysterectomy was not reduced with tranexamic acid (534 [5·3%] deaths or hysterectomies in the tranexamic acid group vs 546 [5·5%] in the placebo group, RR 0·97, 95% CI 0·87-1·09; p=0·65). Adverse events (including thromboembolic events) did not differ significantly in the tranexamic acid versus placebo group. Interpretation Tranexamic acid reduces death due to bleeding in women with post-partum haemorrhage with no adverse effects. When used as a treatment for postpartum haemorrhage, tranexamic acid should be given as soon as possible after bleeding onset. Funding London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Pfizer, UK Department of Health, Wellcome Trust, and Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Identifying Dominant Runoff Processes at a Regional Scale – A GIS - Based Approach

Identifying landscapes with similar hydrological characteristics is useful for the determination of dominant runoff process (DRP) and flood prediction. Several approaches used for DRP-mapping differ in respect to time and data requirement. Manual approaches based on field investigation and expert knowledge are time consuming and difficult to implement at regional scale. Automatic GIS-based approach on the other hand require simplification of data but are easier to implement and it is applicable on regional scale

GIS-Based Sub-Basin Scale Identification of Dominant Runoff Processes for Soil and Water Management in Anambra Area of Nigeria

Identifying landscapes having comparable hydrological characteristics is valuable for the determination of dominant runoff process (DRP) and prediction of flood. Several approaches used for DRP-mapping vary in relation to data and time requirement. Manual approaches which are based on field investigation and expert knowledge are time demanding and difficult to implement at regional scale. Automatic GIS-based approach on the other hand require simplification of data but is easier to implement and it is applicable on a regional scale

Knowledge of medical ethics among Nigerian medical doctors

Background: The knowledge of medical ethics is essential for health care practitioners worldwide. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the knowledge of medical doctors in a tertiary care hospital in Nigeria in the area of medical ethics. Materials and Methods: A cross– sectional questionnaire‑based study involving 250 medical doctors of different levels was carried out. The questionnaire, apart from the bio‑data, also sought information on undergraduate and postgraduate training in medical ethics, knowledge about the principles of biomedical ethics and the ethical dilemmas encountered in daily medical practice. Results: One hundred and ninety (190) respondents returned the filled questionnaire representing a response rate of 76%. One hundred and fifty‑two respondents (80%) have had some sort of medical ethics education during their undergraduate level in the medical education. The median duration of formal training or exposure to medical ethics education was 3.00 hours (range: 0‑15). One hundred and twenty‑nine respondents have read at least once the code of medical ethics of the Medical and Dental Council of Nigeria while 127 (66.8%) have some general knowledge of the principles of biomedical ethics. The breakdown of the identified ethical dilemmas shows that discharge against medical advice was the most identified by the respondents (69.3%) followed by religious/cultural issues (56.6%) while confidentiality was recognized by 53.4%. Conclusion: The knowledge of medical ethics by Nigerian medical doctors is grossly inadequate. There is an urgent need for enhancement of the teaching of the discipline at both undergraduate and postgraduate levels in Nigeria.Keywords: Biomedical ethics, developing countries, ethical dilemma, medical education, physiciansNigerian Medical Journal | Vol. 53 | Issue 4 | October-December | 201

Investigation of the Adsorptive And Inhibitive Properties Of Cucurbita Maxima Peel Extract And Halide Ions As Inhibitors For Stainless Steel in 1m H2so4 Solution

Communication in Physical Sciences, 2023, 10(2): 017-028 Authors: Patricia Ese Umoru1, Femi Emmanuel Awe1, Joseph Ifeanyi Uche2, Oluwayemisi Abiodun Babatunde1 and Ibrahim Aliyu Salaha1. Received:  08 May  2023/Accepted 28 November 2023 In consideration of the need to populate the research database with information on green corrosion inhibition, the present study investigated the corrosion inhibition efficiency of various concentrations of Cucurbita maxima peel extract on Grade 304 austenitic stainless steel in 1 M  H2SO4 using  two basic analytical methods, namely gravimetric and electrochemical methods.  The extract showed a progressive increase in inhibition efficiency with an increase in concentration but with a decrease in temperature, the efficiency was observed to decline.  employment of synergistic combination of the extract with iodide ions extended the maximum inhibition efficiency from 88.27 to 90.20 % for PCM with KI at 0.7 g/L extract concentration for 3 hours’ immersion time and an efficiency of 90.43% at 0.7 g/L concentration with KCl at 30 ⁰C.  Evidences from the  polarization curve indicated that C. maxima peel functions as a mixed-type inhibitor. The inhibition action of the peel extract is due to the adsorption of the extract compounds on the stainless-steel surface. The presence of the extract increased the activation energy of the corrosion reaction. The  evaluated range for the  ΔGads values  confirmed that the adsorption is spontaneous and operated through a physical adsorption mechanism that best fitted the Langmuir adsorption model. .  The scanning electron micrograph of the metal surface shows a smooth surface compared to the surface obtained for the control experimental set-up. The greatest efficiency was achieved using the peel extract with KI halide ion which shows that the peel of C. maxima is a very effective corrosion inhibitor on stainless steel in an acidic medium

Influence of nanocrystalline nickel powder on oxidation resistance of spark plasma sintered Ni-17Cr6.5Co1.2Mo6Al4W7.6Ta alloy

Abstract: An investigation was carried out to evaluate the isothermal oxidation behavior of nickel based superal- loys at 1100 °C for 120 h. The alloys which were microstructured and nanostructured were developed by spark plasma sintering system. The oxidation test was carried out at a temperature of 1100 °C in air at different exposure time up to 120 h. The nanostructured nickel based alloy possessed better oxidation resistance with the formation of continuous adherent alumina, chromia scales, and spinel on the alloy surface and with no significant internal oxides. The oxidation rate of NiO was observed to be lower in the nanostructured nickel superalloy due to low diffusion rate of Nickel. The oxidation kinetics followed a parabolic oxidation law

Chapter 5: Air

Concentrations of CO2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases (GHGs) continue to increase, driven mainly by people consuming fossil fuels to satisfy ever-increasing demands for energy (well established). Given the current concentrations of GHGs and their lifetime in the atmosphere, significant changes in climate and sea levels are unavoidable, with widespread consequences for people and the environment (well established). There is robust evidence that climate change and increased climate variability worsen existing poverty, exacerbate inequalities and trigger new vulnerabilities. However, even greater changes are expected in the future if action is not taken soon to halt GHG emissions.This report was commissioned by United Nations Environment Programme

Chapter 4: Cross-Cutting Issues

peer reviewedStage78444.1IntroductionAs understanding of the interdependence between a healthy planet and healthy people becomes more developed, complex issues that thread through systems and societies gain new importance. Beyond the traditional Global Environment Outlook (GEO) themes addressing air, biodiversity, oceans, land and fresh water, this GEO-6 assessment addresses cross-cutting issues worthy of further examination. Using a systems approach, these cross-cutting issues offer entry points allowing another dimension for analysing GEO-6 themes as well as understanding the network of interconnections throughout earth and human systems. These cross-cutting issues are grouped according to shared characteristics: health, environmental disasters, gender, education and urbanization are grouped as ‘people and livelihoods’; climate change, polar and mountain regions, chemicals and waste and wastewater are grouped as ‘changing environments’; and resource use, energy and food systems are considered as ‘resources and materials’. While each issue provides useful entry points into GEO-6 themes, it is important to discuss the state of the environment and policy context for each one

Chapter 4: Cross-cutting Issues

Environmental pollution is still a major source of damage to the health of the planet (well established), human health (well established), equity (well established) and economic sustainability (established but incomplete). The risks, however, are systemic and wide-ranging, including climate change, ecosystem and biodiversity loss, wildlife damage, systemic change and other major issues